THERMAL COMFORT: Heating and Cooling Systems

1. THERMAL COMFORT:Heating and Cooling Systems CASE STUDY: THE CHAPMAN GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS NOVEMBER 16, 2010 GABRIEL RODRIGUEZ ROMINA VIGNOLO JACQUELINE ESTEBAN FRANCINE ROZENTAL Fig 1. Aerial view of the Chapman Graduate School of Business, Miami, FL

2. HISTORY OF HEATING SYSTEMS “Romans developed the first centralized heating systems in the first century” (Harper & Row, New York, 1989)

3. COOLING SYSTEMS • 3000 BCE: Earliest known home air-cooling systems were in Egypt (Binggeli, 2010). • 2000 BCE: Wealthy Babylonian merchant developed a home air conditioning system (Binggeli, 2010). • By the end of the 19th century large restaurants and public spaces used a method of embedding air pipes in a mixture of ice and salt to then be circulated with fans. • Energy Use: Today, cooling accounts about 20% percent of the energy use in the United States and about 40% in the Southern states alone.

4. COOLING SYSTEMS • What is Air Conditioning? • It is the treatment of air so that its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, quality, and motion are maintained as appropriate for a building’s occupants, a particular process, or some object in a space (Binggeli, 2010). • Typically a fan sucks warm indoor air across a series of coils that contain refrigerants, removes the heat and blows it back into the room. Important terms to know: • Cooling Load: rate at which heat needs to be removed from air • Capacity: ability of equipment to remove heat • Heat gain: total load on a cooling system

5. COOLING SYSTEMS • Other Present Day Cooling Strategies • Ventilation Cooling • Natural Ventilation • Cross Ventilation • Stack Ventilation • Shades structures • Screens • Awnings • Balconies • Landscapes • Fans • Ceiling fans • Window fans Fig 2. Site Plan

6. HVAC SYSTEMS HVAC – Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning An HVAC system incorporates the heating, cooling, humidity, air purity, distribution, and motion of air in interior building spaces (Binggeli, 2010). • Local HVAC System • The Chapman uses this system in computer and equipment rooms where temperature may rise to unsafe levels in the space. • Responds quickly to the need of the room • Used limited in energy conservation • Noisier units • Many local filters to maintain • Centralized HVAC System • The Chapman uses this system per floor. • Equipment located outside of occupied space • Energy is wasted when cooling an entire floor when only one zone is needed • Air intake can be placed high above street pollution for higher air quality

7. HVAC EQUIPMENT & PROCESS CHILLED WATER PLANT AIR HANDLER WATER SUPPLY FRESH AIR AIR HANDLER EXITS BUILDING (EXHAUST AIR) Fig. 5 Air Handler Water Supply Fig. 3 Air Handler Fig. 4 Air Handler Unit RETURN DISTRIBUTION HUMIDIFIER

8. SOLAR HEATING • Most solar-heating systems can handle 40% to 70% of a building heating load. • Sun travels from East to West; usually east and west surfaces are the ones that receive the most heat that is why they have to be protected by light color materials, in order to reflect solar radiation. • Flooring in outdoor areas, such as pathways and exterior corridors have light colored ceramics. Fig. 6 Site Plan showing solar pattern and landscaping

9. SOLAR HEATING Fig. 7 Wachovia Classrooms Fig. 9 Light Colored Ceramic Tiles Fig. 8 Water Feature Along Pathway

10. SOLAR HEATING Solar energy is available in four useful forms: • Photosynthesis: • process by which the sun maintains life by producing food and converting carbon dioxide into oxygen • Natural daylight: • provides illumination outside and inside buildings • Photovoltaic: • cells convert sunlight directly into electrical energy • Thermal energy: • used for space heating, domestic hot water, power generation, distillation processes and the heating of industrial processes

11. SOLAR HEATING Photovoltaic Cells Natural Daylight Fig. 10 Photovoltaic Cells on Roof Fig. 11 Main Entrance Curtain Wall

12. PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN Passive solar heating types: • Direct gain: • sunlight enters space to warm exposed thermally massive surfaces • Indirect gain: • the sun strikes thermal mass then it is gradually passed as heat to the space behind • Isolated gain: • the sun gently heats a sunspace or green house which then passes some of its heat to the space behind

13. ACTIVE SOLAR DESIGNS Liquid active solar systems: • Use pipes for circulation and distribution • Protected from freezing with antifreeze solutions • Aluminum pipes require use of corrosion-retarding additive

14. ACTIVE SOLAR DESIGNS Air active solar systems: • Use ductwork requiring additional installation space • Larger collector surfaces required because air transfers heat less efficiently than liquids • Easier to use because leaking, corrosion and freezing are not problems

15. WINDOW TREATMENTS Shading for solar-heat control and cooling: • Movable shading devices are favored to fixed shades because they can be adjusted seasonally • In the Chapman Building, most of its windows are fixed. These do not allow for natural ventilation. Fixed windows also does not assist in the removal off-gassing from the interior spaces. Fig. 12 Different Types of Modern Shades Fig. 13 Regular Shades

16. AIR QUALITY • Career Services Building • The building had a scent of new furniture. • This is typically liked by user’s, but that smell of “new room” is not actually a good thing as this is produced from the off gassing of the materials. These new materials should have a period of ventilation before or after installation and especially before users are exposed to these products. Fig. 14 Career Services Center Lobby

17. HYPOTHESIS: • Administrative • Dissatisfaction with the temperature of the air conditioner not being consistent temperature • Exposure to off-gassings producing headaches, dizziness or fatigue to the staff members because of the poor air quality

18. HYPOTHESIS: • Students • Comfortable temperature in the lobby of the Office Depot Student Center because they have great natural light provided by the curtain walls • Dissatisfaction in the Computer Lab because of the heat produced by the equipment • Dissatisfaction because of lack of shading by vegetation, covered pathways or canopies

19. HYPOTHESIS: • Maintenance: • Maintenance staff members who work on The Chapman Building are satisfied with the cool temperature in the mechanical rooms located on the second floor because when maintenance is performed on the equipment for extended amount of time, the cool climate keeps them satisfied to work.

20. INTERIOR DESIGNER’S ROLE Be aware of how heating and cooling equipment works as well as how equipment will affect the design, energy efficiency and client’s comfort.

21. REFERENCES & FIGURES LIST REFERENCES Binggeli, Corky. (2010). Building systems for interior designers. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Alvah H. Chapman Jr. Graduate School of Business Florida University. (2008). [Web]. Retrieved from Chi Athenaeum Website: http://www.chiathenaeum.org/archawards/2008/alvahhchapman.html Figure 2 Site Plan Figure 3 Site Observation Photograph: Air Handler Unit Figure 4 Site Observation Photograph: Air Handler Figure 5 Site Observation Photograph: Air Handler Water Supply Figure 6 Site Plan showing solar pattern and landscaping Figure 7 Wachovia Classrooms

22. FIGURES LIST Cont. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 8 Water Feature Along Pathway Figure 9 Light Colored Ceramic Tiles Figure 10 Photovoltaic Cells on Roof Reilly, E. (2010, may 22). Solar Shingles: an Alternative to Solar Panels. Retrieved from http://solarpowerauthority.com/solar-shingles-an-alternative-to-solar-panels/ Figure 11 Main Entrance Curtain Wall Figure 12 Different Types of Modern Shades Figure 13 Regular Shades Figure14 Career Services Center Lobby