Three Primary Pork Industry Organizations

1. Three Primary Pork Industry Organizations • National Pork Producers Council (NPPC) • National Pork Board (NPB) • U.S. Meat Export Federation (USMEF)

2. National Pork Producers Council • National Swine Growers Council - voluntary organization organized in mid 1950s • Name changed to National Pork Producers Council (NPPC) in 1964 • Voluntary market deduction - checkoff • 1966 NHF articles - “Blueprint for Decision” • 1968 - 16 state associations organized • “Nickels for Profit” - nationwide checkoff program

3. National Pork Producers Council • Largest commodity organization in the U.S. • 44 state associations - 85,000 members • Producer-run organization - grassroots involvement • Headquartered in Des Moines, IA • Branch office in Washington, D.C.

4. National Pork Board (NPB) • 15 members appointed by Secretary of Agriculture • Set national checkoff rate and determine % of funds returned to state producer organizations • Collect, distribute, and account for all checkoff funds • Develop budgets, award contracts, evaluate all checkoff-funded programs

5. National Legislative Pork Checkoff • Approved by Congress in December 1985 • Purpose is to provide funds for pork promotion, research, consumer information • All producers and importers of pork products contribute portion of sales • Current checkoff rate is 0.45% of value • Referendum vote - September 2000 • Mandatory checkoff was defeated

6. NPPC & NPB

7. U.S. Meat Export Federation (USMEF) • Works with nation’s meat and livestock industry to identify and develop overseas markets for U.S. beef, pork, and lamb • Based in Denver, Colorado • International offices - Tokyo, Singapore, Hamburg, Hong Kong, Taipei, Osaka, Mexico City, Shanghai, Seoul, Moscow, Beirut • Works to increase meat exports by creating visibility of demand for U.S. meat products

8. National Swine Improvement Federation (NSIF) • National testing organization - 35 years • Representatives of all facets of the industry - producers, universities, seedstock companies • Guidelines for Uniform Swine Improvement Programs • Real-time ultrasound certification

9. Purpose of NSIF • Uniform testing procedures • Develop individual testing programs • Cooperation among segments of the industry • Education programs for the industry • Confidence in performance testing

10. History -- Where have we been? 1950s -- Fat-Type Hog 1960s -- Meat-Type Hog 1970s -- Large Framed, Flat Muscled Hog 1980s -- Wide Bodied, Fast Growing Hog 1990s -- Lean-Type Hog 2000s -- Lean-Type Hog with Quality Emphasis????

11. Early Attempts to Evaluate Genetics -- 1950s-1960s • Live animal shows - carcass contests • Meat type hog standards • Certification program - PR litters - Certified Meat Sires • Backfat probe • Central testing stations • Genetically correlated problems with selection for meat type hogs

12. Certification Standards -- 1953 • Must meet P.R. requirements - 8 pigs weaned • Litter weight at 56 days (Sows - 320#, Gilts - 275#) • Weigh 200 lbs. In 180 days • Weigh between 180 – 230 lbs. At slaughter • Three weight categories Live weight Length Backfat Loineye 180 – 199 28.5 – 31.5 1.1 – 1.6 3.50 200 – 214 29.0 – 32.0 1.2 – 1.7 3.75 215 – 230 29.5 – 32.5 1.3 – 1.8 4.00

13. Seedstock Production: 1960s -1970s • Seedstock industry dominated by purebred breeders • Each farm had only one breed • Individual breed identity • Few crossbreds sold • Production sales • Shows and carcass contests • Central testing stations

14. Pork Production: 1960s - 1970s • Large number of small diversified operations • Rotational crossbreeding systems • Most time spent breeding sows, grinding feed, loading hogs, etc. • Numerous packer buying stations • Little grade and yield, contracting • Little attention to meat quality • Seedstock industry dominated by purebred breeders

15. Industry Transition: 1980s - 1990s • Larger and fewer production units • Intensive management - specialization • Terminal crossbreeding systems • Technology - AI, SEW, nutrition, etc. • Plant delivery of hogs • Corporate breeding companies • On farm testing - BLUP technology • Environmental concerns • Production shift away from Cornbelt

16. Industry in 2010 • Continued • consolidation of production systems • Vertical integration and coordination • Lower profit margins • Especially throughout 2008 – 2009 • Loss of producer equity • Consumer-driven industry • Continued focus on consumer food demand • Increased interest in consumer interest in animal welfare and environment • Emergence of welfare and environmentally based marketing of pork to producers. • More organic, antibiotic free, etc. programs because consumers want them

17. Industry in 2010 • Emphasis on feed efficiency and growth rate • Importance of throughput in grow – finish • Continued move to wean - to – finish for grow – finish facilities • Continued emphasis on lean • Focus on carcass size ultimately impacting primal cut size • Improves throughput of the packing secgtor • Emphasis on meat and eating quality • Supply of genetics dominated by breeding companies

18. Enhancements to Genetic Evaluation • Computer technology • Larger, intensive seedstock production units • Data management systems • Artificial insemination - connectedness • Real-Time ultrasound - accuracy of evaluation

19. Products of Seedstock Suppliers • Genetics - genetic merit of the pigs • System - terminal crossbreeding system, specialized lines, etc. • Service - recommendations, consultation, records, etc.

20. Structure of the Seedstock Industry • Independent seedstock producers • Corporate breeding companies

21. Independent Seedstock Producers • Purebred based, most have 2+ breeds • Herd size varies, multipliers, networks • Purebred & F1 boars, F1 & 3-way cross gilts • Extensive on-farm testing - individual records • Genetic variation - breed is one large herd through national testing program - STAGES

22. Berkshire • One of the oldest breeds (1823 in the U.S.) • Imported from England - counties of Berkshire and Wiltshire • American Berkshire Association established in 1875 - first swine registry in the world • Original Berkshire - reddish or sandy color - crossed with Siamese and Chinese pigs

23. Berkshires, cont. • Chester and Delaware counties in PN (near Lancaster County) • Dominated market shows in 1940s and 1950s • Black with six white points and erect ears • Confinement adaptability, aggressive breeders • Superior muscle quality • Export marketing programs

24. Chester White • Early 19th century - Chester County, PA • Yorkshire and Lincolnshire breeds from UK, Chester breed in NY • Several early associations - combined starting 1911 • Solid white with drooping ears • Large litters, mothering ability • Little use outside of U.S. • Good meat quality

25. Duroc • First called Duroc-Jersey (Association established in 1883) • Started from Jersey Reds of New Jersey, red Durocs of New York • Originally from Spain and Portugal, also Guinea coast of Africa • Reddish-brown strain of Berks

26. Duroc, cont. • Influenced by Danish and Canadian imports • Reddish color with drooping ears • Fast growth, feed efficiency, rugged, durable • Superior muscle quality - intramuscular fat • Terminal sire used widely throughout the world

27. Hampshire • One of oldest American breeds • Boone Co., KY - imported from Hampshire County in England - 1825-1835 • From “Old English Breed” from Scotland and Saddleback • Association established in 1893 - American Thin Rind Association • Black with white belt, erect ears • Leanness, carcass desirability

28. Landrace • Descendents of Danish Landrace • Imported from Denmark by USDA in 1934, others from Norway and Sweden • Association established in 1950, known as bacon type hog • Solid white with large, floppy ears - long-bodied • Mothering ability, survival rate

29. Poland • Originated from more different breeds than any other breed of livestock • Warren and Butler Counties in Ohio (1800-1850) • Wide swings in popularity • Black with six white points and drooping ears • Meaty carcasses, large loin eyes

30. Spotted • Descended from original Poland China in Ohio • Developed in Indiana, association established in 1914 • First known as Spotted Poland China • Opened herdbook to Poland China in 1970s and Pietrain in 1990s • White with black spots and drooping ears • Fast growth rate, aggressive males

31. Yorkshire • Imported from northern England in York County around 1830 • Known as Large White in Europe, "Mother breed" • Heavily influenced by recent importations from Sweden, England, Canada • White with erect ears - long, big frame • Have led in use of STAGES program

32. Litter Recordings by Breed

33. Litter Recordings By Breed

34. Litter Recordings - All Breeds

35. Pietrain • From village of Pietrain, Belgium • Exported to France and Germany • Medium size - white with black spots • Shorter legs, stocky, bulging hams • Extreme muscle, high lean% • Used by breeding companies to increase lean% • HAL gene - poor meat quality

36. USA Breeding Companies • Trained geneticists • Elaborate, large scale testing programs • Tightly controlled health program • Large scale, national advertisement • Large volume suppliers • Complete control of germplasm • Numerous companies originated in England, Holland, Belgium

37. Babcock Genetics • First called Midwest Swine, mainly in WI and MN - target small - medium size herds • Nucleus herd located in Wisconsin • Uses sales staff and contract production herds • Closed Herd System – rotaterminal on-site gilt replacement • Have eliminated the stress gene - first company to certify breeding stock free of the HAL gene

38. Farmers Hybrid • Founded in 1938 as seed corn company • Swine breeding company started near Hampton, IA (1941) • Purchased by Monsanto in 1969 • Early history was rotational scheme with synthetic breeds • First company to hire Ph.D. geneticist (Dr. Earl Lasley) • No longer in business

39. PIC International • Founded in 1962 by group of commercial producers in England • Purchased by Dalgety corporation • Came to U.S. about 25 years ago • Original elite herds in Kentucky and Wisconsin • Nucleus herd in Oklahoma

40. PIC International • Female program based on Camborough female (LW x Swed. Land.) • 27 pure lines at nucleus level • Largest company in the world (30+ countries) • Licensed for Hal 1843* test • Licensed the ESR gene test • Several multiplier programs -- AI studs

41. Newsham Genetics • Initially a merger of Newsham & Segher companies • More recently merged with Mosanto Choice Genetics • Based in Des Moines, IA. parent company in U.K. • Office in St. Louis, MO • Started in 1990 • Balanced terminal and maternal lines • Three site production • Emphasis on health • Gentel selection - stress

42. Newsham Choice Genetics • The Monsanto portion of the company consists of : • Formerly Dekalb Swine, started from purchase of Lubbock Swine Breeders in 1970 - now owned by Monsanto • Genepacker maternal lines - have added NE Index line • EBX terminal sires • Meat Quality Initiative

43. Genetipork USA • U.S. franchise of Genetiporc Canada (largest seedstock company in Canada) • Breton family in Canada (grain & poultry) • Originally chosen to supply needs of producers -- Morris Swine Health Center • Daughter nucleus herds in MN -- genetic control in Canada • Three site production - high health standards • Free of PRRS (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome • Free of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

44. Based on Danish Pig Breeding Program - linked directly to Danish system • Started by Sid Burkey, NE and others • Terminal line based on Duroc and Hamp x Duroc cross lines (Danish lines) • BoarNet semen distribution network – 1,200 sires in AI centers • Maternal line based on Danish Large White and Landrace

45. Nebraska SPF • Organization of SPF purebred breeders - most located in Nebraska • Started in 1959 with 10 herds • Whole herd testing -- work done by fieldmen • Pro-Elite gilts and terminal boars • Waldo Farms is main herd in system

46. Hermitage NGT • Merger of two companies • National Genetic Technologies • Hermitage Pedigree Pigs • Hermitage Pedigree Pigs Ltd. In business since 1958. • Operating from our base in Kilkenny, Ireland, • The Hermitage ‘Maternal Line Program’ focuses on producing our female line. • These animals are bred and selected for female line traits. • Numbers Born Alive, • Feed Intake, • Growth Rate, • Milking Ability and • Weaning to Service Interval. • In addition, all our lines are intensively selected for overall conformation (feet, legs, teats, and general body conformation).

47. Hermitage NGT • The Hermitage ‘Terminal Line Program’ focuses on producing our ‘Hylean’ lines. • Our ‘Hylean’ indices focus on • Growth Rate, • Feed Conversion, • Feed intake, • Lean Meat %, • Muscle Depth and Area, • Meat Quality and • overall body conformation.

48. Fast Genetics • Canadian company based in Saskatchewan • Began in 1982 as a family-owned company with Dr. Harold Fast and his wife Marjorie as the sole owners and operators.  • Fast Genetics owns 3700 sows in genetic nucleus and multiplication production in Saskatchewan.  • In 2001 the Fast family sold part of its interest in the business to Hytek Ltd. of LaBroquerie, Manitoba.  • From the onset, Fast Genetics has paid particular attention to the health and vigor of their nucleus herd.  • The herd’s origin is from cesarean derived piglets reared on evaporated milk. • Maintained outstanding health status with records which indicate an absence of  the major health concerns since 1982. • Fast Genetics' nucleus herds, located in northern Saskatchewan, continue to maintain closed herds in isolation from other intensive hog production units.  The

49. National Swine Registry • Located in West Lafayette, IN • Formed by Duroc, Hampshire, and Yorkshire breeds in 1994 • Joined by Landrace in 1998 • National across-herd sire summaries - performance pedigrees • Litter registrations, breed promotion, marketing assistance, educational materials

50. Hypor • Is a part of Hendrix Genetics • European firm • Have other breeding activities • Pig • Broiler • Layer • Formerly known as Genex • Largely known for their Dam Lines • Recently purchased Duroc lines • Shade Oak • Designed Genetics (Paul Reese family)