CHAPTER 32

1. CHAPTER 32 Latin America Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

2. Background Info • Tense political front→waiting for a coup • Salvador Allende (socialist) • Respect for Constitution • Popular Unity • Seized by military, death→repression • Non liberal economics→economic stability • General Augusto Pinochet • Crimes against humanity→arrested • Raised many questions about politics • First, Second, Third world countries • Latin America-agricultural and mineral production • Strong relationships between countries→strong effects • Transformation of Latin American life

3. Latin America After World War II* • Not very involved in WWII • Cold war→revolutionary agitation • Marxist inspiration and Soviet backing • Third world decolonization movement • Reactions about economic dependency • Juan Peron (Argentina) • Led to “dirty war” • Torture and execution of opponents

4. Mexico and the PRI • Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI) • Stability and control • Struggled to function due to corruption • Zapatistas→those involved in guerilla movement (Emiliano Zapata) • Exemplified the lack of government • North American Free Trade Agreement • Increased mexican trade→especially with America • Economic and political interactions (Am&mex) • Vicente Fox • Leader of PAN (National Action party) • Attempted to improve conditions for mexican workers in US

5. Radical Options in the 1950s* • Radical unrest→tensions • Marxian socialism • Dangerous due to context and ideologies • Economic, social, and political failures→looking for solutions • Revolutions- short term solution • Growing separation of social classes

6. Guatemala: Reform and U.S. Intervention • Attempted Radical solutions in Guatemala • Illiterate, poor health, high mortality faced Guatemala • Economy dependent on exports • Coffee and bananas • Juan Jose Arevalo (president) • Spiritual socialism • Land reform, better rights • United Fruit Company • CIA Invaded Guatemala • Arbenz government fell • Minimal reforms • Guatemala failed at Radical exchange→external intervention • Need for internal and foreign opposition

7. The Cuban Revolution: Socialism in the Caribbean • American interest in Cuban politics and economics • Fulgencio Batista-ruler • Democratic constitution • Corruption and opposition • Fidel Castro-lawyer • Attack on military barracks • Trial allowed him to express revolutionary ideals • Ernesto “Che Guevara” • Created small military force(with Castro) • Barbudos (bearded rebels) • Sweeping change (Castro) • Relations with US broken off • Cuba dependent on Soviet Union • US invasion

8. The Search for Reform and the Military Option* • Bureaucratic authoritarian regimes→cold war interests of US • LA revolutions left social and economic structures unchanged • PRI struggled to keep control • Christian Democratic parties • Religion provided guidance • Liberation theology • Catholic and socialist ideas • Emphasis on social equality • Religion emphasized • Church gains power

9. “The trouble with Brazil is not an excess of communist doctrine but a lack of Christian justice” ~Dom Helder da Camara (Archbishop of Pernambuco)

10. Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take Power • Military→professionalized • Soldiers felt they were the “true representatives of the nation” • Thought they could solve problems • Soldiers began intervening in politics • Attempt to take over government • New bureaucratic authoritarian regime • Handled issues→dirty war • Some economic improvements • Peruvian→social program, land reform • Chile/Uruguay→anticommunist • Argentina→nationalism, war with Britain over Falkland Islands→loss credibility

11. The New Democratic Trends • 1980’s • Military return gov’t to civilian politicians • Less fear of populist parties (Peronists & Apristas) • Fear of Cuban communism gone • Redemocratization → not global • Shining Path- guerrilla movement (Peru, Colombia) • Venezuela and Brazil → corruption lead to fall of presidents

12. The United States and Latin America: Continuing Presence • U. S. as predominant power • end 19th century→ building of Panama Canal • L.A. takes loans from U.S. • Direct U.S. military interventions • Augusto Sandino → Nicaragua, • led resistance movement against U.S. forces • later Good Neighbor policy • Alliance of Progress • Support for U.S. intervention • conservative governments • banana republics

13. Societies in Search of Change* • Continuation of discrimination • insult to be called Indian • Indian and African elements define society • Latin America known for being diverse → still discrimination • Diverse cities: Brazil, Nicaragua, and Guatemala

14. Slow Change in Women’s Roles • Voting Rights → 1940 • still place is in the home • Fear of being conservative • religion pushed for conservatism • change through feminist movement • still little political impact

15. The Movement of People • Mass Urbanization • many urban cities- need for jobs, job creation can’t keep up • Biggest cities → 13 million people • Politics • Haitians → flee political repression • Population boom: • increased fertility, low mortality • 1900- tons movement to Latin America • Early 20th century-less movement to Latin America • Migration • where jobs are • illegal & legal migration→people willing to die to migrate

16. Cultural Reflections of Despair and Hope • Religion • Catholicism: determines family, gender relations, social interaction, business • Literature “magical realism” • Culture spurred from African & Indian traditions

17. Struggling Toward the Future in a Global Economy • Societies unable to change • class interests • international conditions • power politics • Globalization Impact • problems with distribution of wealth • poor become poorer • Cultural Issues • integration into world market→ puts tradition at risk