Chapter 5 Notes

1. Chapter 5 Notes

2. Conflicts With Native Americans • Plains Indians were completely dependent on the buffalo – used every part of the buffalo (bison) • North – Cheyenne, Sioux, Blackfoot; South – Kiowa, Comanche • Plains Indians were nomadic – teepee culture – followed buffalo on horseback • Plains Indians did not believe land was to be bought and sold and should not be private – obviously opposite viewpoints of white settlers

3. Government policies • U.S. government policy underwent a change in mid-1800’s • From “Removal” to reservation system – seized Indian land and placed them on reservations • Goal – 1. Break power of Plains Indians 2. Open up lands for settlement • This was an obvious threat to plains culture; buffalo hunters were driving herds to extinction

4. Indian Wars • Sand Creek Massacre – 1864 – army troops attacked group of Cheyenne in Colorado – 150 killed; camp destroyed • Battle of Little Big Horn – 1876 – George Armstrong Custer leads troops against thousands of Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Sioux – Custer and his men are slaughtered • Wounded Knee Massacre – 1890 –some of Sitting Bull’s followers are captured; taken to camp near Wounded Knee Creek; fighting breaks out; 300 Sioux men, women, and children slaughtered; broke Native American resistance on Plains

5. Resistance Ends • Nez Perce and Chief Joseph surrender 1877 – “I will fight no more forever” • Geronimo (Apache warrior) captured in 1886

6. Chief Joseph Geronimo

7. Reservation Life • “Americanization” – Indians expected to abandon traditional culture – speak and read English, cut hair, live like whites • Dawes Act 1887 – broke up some of the reservations and divided land among Indians; many times best land was kept by government

8. Mining and Ranching • Rush to west for gold – Comstock Lode – 1859 – yields $500 million worth of silver in next 20 years • Some mining camps turned into towns • As more families arrived, many towns turned into thriving communities – churches, schools, newspapers • Denver, Colorado

9. Mining • By 1880’s mining was dominated by large companies • Mine shafts, tunnels – very dangerous

10. Ranching • After Civil War, cattle ranching came to the Plains • Spanish and Mexicans interbred Spanish and English cattle – Texas Longhorn • Cattle drives – East’s demand for beef grew • 1866 – steer worth $4 in Texas - $40- in East • Cattle drives – started in Texas – usually up to Kansas • Chisholm Trail – one of most famous

11. Ranching as Big Business • Cattle owners many times had trouble managing their herds on open plains • Barbed-wire fences – enclosed grazing • Cattle ranching became big business, and conflicts between cattle owners with no land ranchers who fenced their land

12. Farmers on Great Plains • 1862 three acts are passed to encourage settlement • Homestead Act – 160 acres; had to build a home on the land, make improvements; after five years gained full ownership • Pacific Railway Act – government gave millions of acres to rail companies to encourage building railroads and telegraph lines • Morrill Act – gave land to build colleges to teach “agriculture and mechanical arts”….A&M

13. Oklahoma Land Rush • Unassigned Lands – 2 million acres • April 22, 1889 – 50,000 lined up on Oklahoma border; 11,000 homesteads (Oklahoma City, Norman, Guthrie)

14. The New Settlers • White settlers – from states in Mississippi River valley; mostly middle-class farmers who could afford supplies • African-American settlers – late 1870’s – massive migration west – Black Codes, Ku Klux Klan • European Settlers – Scandinavians, Germans, Irish – looking for new opportunities • Chinese settlers – by 1880’s those who came for Gold Rush had turned to farming

15. Challenges • Harsh climate – hot summers, bitter cold winters, scarce rainfall • Wells with pumps – windmills • Wood for houses scarce – dugouts, sod houses • New machinery helped – combine harvester; plow with sharper edge

16. The Second Industrial Revolution A. Industry and Railroads – During the late 1800’s, new technology and inventions led to growth of industry, the rise of big business, and revolutions in transportation and communication 1. Oil Boom -Texas (SpindletopJan. 1901) - Oklahoma 2. Steel Industry - Bessemer Process – made steel-making faster and cheaper. (1873 - 115,000 tons; 1910 – 24 million tons)

17. Second Industrial Revolution cont’d… 3. Railroads: Increased the settlement in the west. Decreased travel time to the west * Union Pacific (from Omaha); Central Pacific (from Sacramento) – Promontory Summit – Utah Territory May 10, 1869 (Standard Time… East, Central, Mountain & Pacific Time Zones were invented due to railroads) • Adopted by Congress in 1918

18. Rise of Big Business • Capitalism, laissez-faire, social Darwinism • Corporation – raise money; permanent • Trust – when competing companies merge; complete control over an industry - monopoly

19. Tycoons • John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil; vertical integration(pipelines, rail cars); by 1875 Standard Oil refined half of all oil in U.S. • Andrew Carnegie – U.S. Steel; dominated U.S. steel industry; 1901 sold company for $480 million • Cornelius Vanderbilt - railroads

20. Workers Organize • Workers – terrible conditions – low wages, long hours, unsafe working conditions, unequal pay for equal work • Knights of Labor – Philadelphia 1869 -Terence Powderly – 8-hour work day, end of child labor, equal pay • Great Railroad Strike – 1877 – most freight traffic stopped for a week; army sent in • Haymarket Riot – 1886 – Chicago – 11 people dead; turned public against foreign-born unionists • Companies began to blacklist

21. Advances in Transportation and Communication 1. Transportation – a. Streetcars – 1900’s most cities had electric streetcars or trolleys… Cable Cars - San. Francisco b. Subways – Streets were getting over crowded in places like Boston & New York. 1897 Boston 1904 New York

22. Advances in Transportation c. Automobiles – German Engineer (Gottlieb Daimler) invented the internal combustion engine. In 1893, Charles and Frank Duryea built first motorcar d. Airplanes – Dec. 17, 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright flew at Kity Hawk, North Carolina

23. Advances in Communications • Telegraph – 1837 Samuel B. Morse patent – sending messages over wires with electricity; telegraphs grew with railroad – they were strung along railroad tracks • Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell patent 1876; by 1900 more than a million telephones in homes and offices • Typewriter – developed by Christopher Latham Sholes in 1867; later designed keyboard that I wrote this power point on

24. Life at the Turn of the 20th Century • “old immigrants” – 1800-1880 – northern and western Europe – 10 million • 1880-1910 – “new immigrants” – southern and eastern Europe – 18 million (Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia) • By 1910 1 of 7 Americans foreign-born • Ellis Island – New York Harbor – immigration station set up in 1892 • Immigrants faced hardships – low-paying, unskilled jobs; lived in tenement housing

25. Ellis Island Detention Room Overhead View

26. Reactions to Immigrants • Nativists – native-born Americans who were anti-immigrant – felt they caused an increase in crime, took American jobs • West Coast – prejudice against Chinese • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 – banned immigration for 10 years • Some Americans wanted to help immigrants assimilate • “Americanization” – schools and volunteer organizations taught immigrants English literacy skills; American history and government

27. Urban Life in America • Before industrialization, cities were compact • Late 1800’s building space was limited; architects began to “build up” • Elisha Otis – 1854 - mechanized elevator – made taller buildings practical – skyscraper

28. Social Classes in Late 1800’s • Wealthy – most wealth came from industry, business • Showed off wealth mostly in homes; New York City’s Fifth Avenue • Middle class – accountants, managers, teachers, lawyers, engineers • Working class – most lived in poverty; housing shortages – lived in tenementhousing – run-down, crowded apartments • Dark, dank, few windows; streets were littered with trash; poor sanitation

29. Settlement Houses • 1883 London reformers started first settlement house– volunteers offered immigrants job-training and English-language courses • First American settlement house was Hull House in Chicago – Jane Addams • Social gospel – belief that faith should be expressed through good deeds – churches had a “moral duty” to help solve social problems

30. Political Scandal • Political machine – organization of professional politicians • Machine “bosses” – won support giving jobs, helping people – in return expected votes • Bribes, fraudulent elections the norm • Most famous – Tammany Hall – New York City 1863-1871 • William Marcy Tweed – “Boss” Tweed – convicted of fraud – sent to prison • Credit Mobilier scandal – scheme to funnel federal railroad money to Credit Mobilier stockholders – including members of Congress and vice president (Ulysses S. Grant administration)

31. Farmers’ Reform Movements • Farmers were in debt – National Grange - wanted to regulate railroad rates • Interstate Commerce Act 1887 – called for reasonable railroad rates – first time Congress had passed a law to regulate an industry • Farmers Alliance – wanted government to print more money; wanted paper money to be backed by silver in addition to gold • Alliance leaders form the Populist Party – called for bank regulation, govt. ownership of railroads, unlimited coinage of silver

32. Election of 1896 • Republicans – Ohio governor William McKinley • Supported by big business, wealthy, supporters of gold standard • Democrats – William Jennings Bryan • Supported by populists • McKinley wins election

33. Segregation - Discrimination • Jim Crow laws – passed by southern states to create and enforce segregation in public places • By 1890’s southern states had segregated many places • 1890 Louisiana legislature passes law requiring African Americans to ride in separate railway cars from whites • Homer Plessy, African American, sits in white-only seat to test law – arrested; case goes to Supreme Court • Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) – “separate but equal” facilities; allowed legalized segregation in this country for 60 years

34. Booker T. Washington • Believed that African Americans for the moment had to accept segregation • Wanted to improve situation by giving African Americans farming and vocational skills

35. W.E.B. Du Bois • More radical – wanted African Americans to strive for full rights immediately • Starts the Niagara Movement in 1905 – its members later founded NAACP