Colonial Resistance Grows

1. Colonial Resistance Grows

2. In this section you will learn how and why many Americans began to organize to oppose British policies.

3. The following events led to furtherdiscontent among colonists:

4. Because of the uproar over the Stamp Act, and New York’s refusal to implement the Quartering Act, the British Parliament passed a plan known as the Townshend Acts in 1767.

5. The first of the Townshend Acts suspended New York’s assembly until New Yorkers agreed to provide housing for British troops. The other acts placed duties or import taxes on various goods brought into the colonies.

6. Protest immediately broke out at news of the Townshend Acts. James Otis argued that the natural rights of life, health, liberty and possessions described by by John Locke were being violated.

7. Samuel Adams, leader of the Boston Sons of liberty, organized boycotts against British goods in October 1767. As a result, trade with Britain fell sharply.

8. FOR UNDERSTANDING QUICK CHECK

9. 1) Sugar Act 2) Townshend Acts 3) Marshall Plan 4) Declaratory Act Because of the uproar over the Stamp Act, and New York’s refusal to implement the Quartering Act, the British Parliament passed a plan known as the ______ in 1767.

10. 1) proof of colonial citizenship 2) all the money necessary to repay the debt incurred by the French and Indian wars 3) housing for British troops 4) a safe harbor for British ships The first of the Townshend Acts suspended New York’s assembly until New Yorkers agreed to provide______.

11. 1) Royal Governors 2) Sons of Liberty 3) members of the House of Burgesses 4) Townsend Acts Some of the ______ placed duties or import taxes on various goods brought into the colonies.

12. 1) Celebrations 2) War 3) Rioting 4) Protests ______ immediately broke out at news of the Townshend Acts.

13. 1) John Locke, John Adams 2) James Otis, John Locke 3) John Adams, Benjamin Franklin 4) Samuel Adams, James Otis ______ argued that the natural rights of life, health, liberty and possessions described by ______ were being violated.

14. 1) boycotts 2) violent protests 3) a blockade of the Massachusetts Bay Harbor 4) the Boston Tea Party The Boston Sons of liberty, organized ______ against British goods in October 1767.

15. 1) James Otis 2) John Adams 3) Samuel Adams 4) Crispus Attucks ______ was the leader of the Boston Sons of Liberty.

16. 1) taxes were doubled 2) tea was no longer available to the colonists 3)trade with Britain fell sharply 4) Great Britain declared war on the colonists As a result of the boycotts against British goods organized in October 1767, ______.

17. On March 5, 1770, a fight broke out between dockworkers and British redcoats resulting in five fatalities, including Crispus Attucks. The Sons of Liberty called the shooting the Boston Massacre.

18. The Boston Massacre was an incident involving the deaths of five American civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, the legal aftermath of which helped spark the American Revolutionary War. A tense situation due to a heavy British military presence in Boston boiled over to incite brawls between soldiers and civilians, and eventually led to troops discharging their muskets after being attacked by a rioting crowd. Three civilians were killed at the scene, and two died after the incident.

19. Engraving by Paul Revere that sold widely in the colonies.

20. This chromolithograph by John Bufford prominently features a black man believed to be Crispus Attucks

21. Crispus Attucks (c. 1723 – March 5, 1770)

22. The incident started on King Street in the early evening in front of Private Hugh White, a British sentry, as he stood duty outside the customs house. A young wigmakers apprentice named Edward Garrick called out to a British officer, Captain Lieutenant John Goldfinch, that he had not paid his master's bill. Goldfinch had in fact settled his account and did not reply to the insult and continued on his way. Garrick departed, then returned a couple of hours later with companions and continued quite vocal in his complaints. He exchanged insults with Private Hugh White, who left his post and challenged the boy, then struck him on the side of the head with his musket. As Garrick cried in pain, one of his companions, Bartholomew Broaders, exchanged insults with Hugh White. This attracted a larger crowd.

23. As the evening progressed the crowd grew larger and more boisterous with a momentary lull. The mob grew in size and continued harassing Private White. A group of sailors and dockworkers came carrying large sticks of firewood and pushed to the front of the crowd, directly confronting the sentry. As bells rang in the surrounding steeples, the crowd of Bostonians grew larger and more threatening. Private White left his sentry box and retreated to the Custom House stairs with his back to a locked door. Nearby, from the Main Guard, the Officer of the Day, Captain Thomas Preston, watched this situation escalate and, according to his account, dispatched a non-commissioned officer and several soldiers of the 29th Regiment of Foot, with fixed bayonets, to relieve White. He and his subordinate, James Basset, followed soon afterward.

24. Among these soldiers were Corporal William Wemms (apparently the non-commissioned officer mentioned in Preston's report), Hugh Montgomery, John Carroll, James Hartigan, William McCauley, William Warren and Matthew Kilroy. As this relief column moved forward to the now empty sentry box, the crowd pressed around them. When they reached this point they loaded their muskets and joined with Private White at the custom house stairs. As the crowd, estimated at 300 to 400, pressed about them, they formed a semicircular perimeter.

25. In the midst of the commotion, Private Hugh Montgomery was struck down onto the ground by a club. When he recovered to his feet, he fired his musket, later admitting to one of his defense attorneys that someone had yelled "Fire". Captain Preston might have said "Do not fire!". There was a pause, which various witnesses reported lasted from six seconds to two minutes. The soldiers then fired into the crowd. Their uneven bursts hit eleven men. Three Americans—ropemaker Samuel Gray, mariner James Caldwell, and a sailor of African American and Native American descent, Crispus Attucks— died instantly. Seventeen-year-old Samuel Maverick, struck by a ricocheting musket ball at the back of the crowd, died a few hours later, in the early morning of the next day. Thirty-year-old Irish immigrant Patrick Carr died two weeks later. To keep the peace, the next day royal authorities agreed to remove all troops from the center of town to a fort on Castle Island in Boston Harbor. On March 27 the soldiers, Captain Preston, and four men who were in the Customs House and alleged to have fired shots were indicted for murder.

26. John Adams, a cousin of Samuel Adams, defended the British soldiers in court even though he supported the colonial cause.

27. John Adams

28. Samuel Adams, organized groups in Massachusetts who exchanged letters on colonial affairs. These groups were called Committees of Correspondence.

29. In 1773, Parliament, upon passing the Tea Act, gave the British East India Company control of the American tea trade, so only taxed tea would be sold to the colonists.

30. Protests against the Tea Act took place all over the colonies. In Boston, the Sons of Liberty, organized what came to be known as the Boston Tea Party in which men disguised as Native Americans, boarded three ships in the Boston Harbor, and dumped its cargo of tea into it.

31. Boston Tea Party

32. On Thursday, December 16, 1773, the evening before the tea was due to be landed, the Sons of Liberty thinly disguised as Mohawk Indians, left the massive protest meeting and headed toward Griffin's Wharf, where lay Dartmouth and the newly arrived Beaver and Eleanour. Swiftly and efficiently, casks of tea were brought up from the hold to the deck, reasonable proof that some of the "Indians" were, in fact, longshoremen. The casks were opened and the tea dumped overboard; the work, lasting well into the night, was quick, thorough, and efficient. By dawn, 90,000 lbs (45 tons) of tea worth an estimated £10,000 had been consigned to waters of Boston harbor. Nothing else had been damaged or stolen, except a single padlock accidentally broken and anonymously replaced not long thereafter. Tea washed up on the shores around Boston for weeks.

33. FOR UNDERSTANDING QUICK CHECK

34. 1) Boston Tea Party 2) Intolerable Acts 3) Crime of the Century 4) Boston Massacre The Sons of liberty called the shooting of dockworkers on March 5, 1770 the ______.

35. 1)Crispus Attucks 2) Patrick Henry 3) Marcus Garvey 4) James Monroe Three Americans- Samuel Gray, James Caldwell, and a sailor of African and Native American descent, ______ died in the Boston Massacre.

36. 1) John Quincy Adams 2) Crispus Attucks 3) John Adams 4) Patrick Henry ______, a cousin Samuel Adams, defended the British soldiers in court even though he supported the colonial cause.

37. 1) Vigilance Committees 2) Redcoats 3)Committees of Correspondence 4) Sons of Liberty Samuel Adams, organized groups in Massachusetts who exchanged letters on colonial affairs. These groups were called:

38. 1) Intolerable Acts 2) Stamp Act 3) North American Free Trade Agreement 4) Tea Act In 1773 Congress passed the ______ giving the British East India Company control of the American tea trade.

39. 1) Boston Tea Party 2) Tea Act 3) Boston Massacre 4) Sons of Liberty Men disguised as Native Americans boarded three ships in the Boston Harbor, and dumped its cargo of tea into it. Thiscame to be known as the: