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Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights Movement. Chapter 29. The Montgomery Bus Boycott. Started December 1, 1955 Montgomery, Alabama They would boycott the city buses until they could sit anywhere they wanted. Rosa Parks. Thursday, December 1, 1955 Sat in fifth row She was arrested E.D. Nixon, Lawyer.

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Civil Rights Movement

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  1. Civil Rights Movement Chapter 29

  2. The Montgomery Bus Boycott • Started December 1, 1955 • Montgomery, Alabama • They would boycott the city buses until they could sit anywhere they wanted

  3. Rosa Parks • Thursday, December 1, 1955 • Sat in fifth row • She was arrested • E.D. Nixon, Lawyer

  4. Jo Ann Robinson • Put plans for a one-day boycott into action • Mimeographed handouts urging blacks to stay off the city buses on Monday • Group of ministers and civil rights leaders held a meeting

  5. Martin Luther King, Jr • Bus after empty bus rolled past his house • Group met again and called themselves the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) • Should we extend the boycott

  6. MIA • The boycott would continue • Day four MIA leaders met with bus company and city officials • Bus company refused the compromise • City officials came back with

  7. Boycott • MIA worked out a “private taxi” plan • Whites tried to end the boycott in every way possible. • One technique – divide the black community • Effort to break up the boycott failed

  8. Boycott • Whites then turned to violence • Bombed King’s home on January 30 and Nixon’s home on February 1 • Whites turned to the law • Whites tried to break down the “private taxi” system

  9. Boycott • Despite all the pressures to end the boycott, blacks continued to stay off the buses. • It was costing the business community thousands of dollars

  10. Boycott • Blacks would only accept full integration • Help from Brown v Board of Education which said that “separate but equal” doctrine had no place in public education

  11. Boycott • Common sense the court would rule the same for public facilities • Plus these battles are being fought in Federal court not local courts • November 13, 1956 – Supreme Court upheld the federal court’s ruling

  12. Boycott • S.C. declared segregation on buses unconstitutional • Montgomery Bus Boycott was officially over • But they still faced challenges – getting shot at, houses being bombed, ect.

  13. Sit-Ins • First one – February 1, 1960 at a F.W. Woolworth Company store in Greensboro, North Carolina • 4 black college students sat at a whites only lunch counter

  14. Sit-Ins • A larger group of students returned the next day • Wire services had picked up the story • Civil rights organizations began to spread the word

  15. Sit-Ins • Basic Plan – a group of students would go to a lunch counter and ask to be served • If served they would move on to the next • If not – would not move until they had been • If arrested – a new group would take over

  16. Sit-Ins • “Do’s” and “Don’t” • Show yourself friendly at all times • Sit straight and always face the counter • Don’t strike back, or curse or laugh out • Don’t hold conversations • Don’t block entrances

  17. Sit-Ins • Were dressed in their best Sunday clothing • Northern students heard of the movement and decided to help and picketed local branches of chain stores

  18. Sit-Ins • February 27, in Nashville were attacked • Police arrived and let the white teens go while arresting the protesters for “disorderly conduct” • Lawyer Z. Alexander Looby – he began his arguments the judge turned his back

  19. Sit-Ins • Protesters were found guilty and fined $150 plus court costs • April 19 – Looby’s home was blown up • Because he was so well respected by everybody so everybody was enraged • May 10 – 6 Nachville lunch counters began serving blacks

  20. Sit-Ins • By August 1961, they had attracted over 70,000 participants and generated over 3,000 arrests • Sit-Ins

  21. The Freedom Riders • Strategy – an interracial group would board buses destined for the south • Whites in the back and blacks in the front • At rest stops – whites would go into blacks-only areas and vice versa

  22. The Freedom Riders • Left Washington DC on May 4,1961 • Was to arrive in New Orleans on May 17 • But on Mother’s Day, May 14 the Freedom Riders split up into two groups to travel through Alabama

  23. The Freedom Riders • The first group was met by a mob of about 200 angry people in Anniston. • They stoned the bus and slashed the tires • Bus managed to get away and stopped 6 miles out of town to change the tires

  24. Freedom Riders • There it was firebombed • The second bus ran into a mob in Birmingham • Riders were severely beaten • They were determined to continue

  25. Freedom Riders • The bus company did not want to continue • 2 days they negotiated • Freedom Riders flew to New Orleans

  26. Freedom Riders • Sit-In students in Nashville decided to go to Birmingham • Attorney General Kennedy leaned on the bus company and the police • May 17 the police arrested the Nashville Freedom Riders and placed them in protective custody

  27. Freedom Riders • Police took the students to the state line • Students went right back to Birmingham • Meeting – Governor, Justice Department aide, head of the state highway patrol, and Attorney General

  28. Freedom Riders • Results – Police will protect the Freedom Riders • Greyhound Busses would carry the Riders – from Birmingham to Montgomery

  29. Freedom Riders • Entered Montgomery city limits the police disappeared • Bus terminal – many whites showed up • Jim Zwerg, a white rider, got off the bus first • The crowd started beating him

  30. Freedom Riders • As other riders got off they started to get beat • Some there watching tried to stop the beatings but they would get pounced on

  31. Freedom Riders • King flew to Montgomery and held a mass meeting in a church • A mob surrounds the church • King called Kennedy and they all were able to leave safely

  32. Freedom Riders • Kennedy then asks for a cooling-off period • Freedom Riders said no • Continued on to Mississippi • At Jackson – no violence but were arrested

  33. Freedom Riders • Kennedy and Mississippi Governor reached an agreement • May 25 the Freedom Riders are tried • Sentenced to 60 days in the state penitentiary

  34. Freedom Riders • More Riders arrived to continue • They were arrested • More arrived – more arrested • By the end of the summer more than 300 had been arrested

  35. Freedom Riders • Never made it to New Orleans • But they forced the Kennedy Administration to take a stand on civil rights • Freedom Riders

  36. Birmingham • Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth of Birmingham invited King to come visit • Birmingham was called “Bombingham” because there were 18 unsolved bombings in black neighborhoods over a six-year span

  37. Birmingham • 18 unsolved bombings in black neighborhoods over a six-year span • April 6 police arrested 45 protesters • Next day – Palm Sunday – more protesters are arrested

  38. Birmingham • Judge issued an order preventing organized demonstrations • Everyone knew that Martin Luther King, Jr. was to be arrested next

  39. Birmingham • King ended up getting arrested and was put into solitary confinement for 8 days • Civil rights leaders then organized the children • May 2, 50 teenagers started marching towards downtown

  40. Birmingham • Were arrested and placed in police vans • Another group left the church and they were put in vans

  41. Birmingham • And then another group until they had to start loading school busses because all the vans were full • Three hours later 959 children were in jail

  42. Birmingham • The next day over a thousand more children stayed out of school and went to march • Since there was no more room in the jails firefighters were called and ordered to turn hoses on the children

  43. Birmingham • Some refused to budge so they turned even more powerful hoses on them • So strong was the stream that it broke bones and rolled protesters down the street

  44. Birmingham • The nation was shocked when they saw the pictures • The Birmingham business community agreed to integrate lunch counters • Civil Rights movement in Birmingham

  45. March on Washington • After Birmingham, President Kennedy proposed a new civil rights bill • To show that the bill had widespread support the civil rights groups organized a march

  46. March on Washington • Organizers hoped to draw a crowd of 100,000 • Instead over 250,000 people from around the nation • Arrived in more than 30 special trains • 2,000 chartered buses

  47. March on Washington • Descended on Washington, DC on August 28, 1963 • Famous “I Have a Dream” speech

  48. Mississippi and Freedom Summer • In the 60’s Mississippi was the poorest state in the nation • Had a terrible voting rights violations • Mississippi was 45% black • But only 5% of voting age blacks were registered

  49. Mississippi and Freedom Summer • NAACP went to Mississippi to try and register more blacks • Marion Barry started workshops to teach young blacks nonviolent protest methods • Young black people volunteered to help

  50. Mississippi and Freedom Summer • Began by holding sit-ins – arrested and expelled from school • Met with violence – sprayed with paint and had pepper thrown in their eyes • Medgar Evers’ home was bombed • Students who protested this were beaten

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