Medical Microbiology 25342

1. Reference Book: Medical Microbiology by Jawetz, Melnick, Adelberg, Brook, Butel and Morse 23rd ed., 2004 Instructor: Dr. Yahya R. Faydi-Ph. D. Medical Sciences Subspeciality Medical Microbiology Medical Microbiology 25342

2. 1-Historical introduction2- The Microbial World3- Cell Structure - Eukaryotic Cell Structure - Prokaryotic Cell Structure - Morphology and Size of Bacteria. - Staining.4- Classification of Bacteria.First Hour Quiz5- Growth, Survival and Death of Microorganisms.6- Cultivation of Microorganisms7- Microbial Genetics.8- Immunology.Second Hour Quiz Bacteriology 9- Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection.10- Antimicrobial Chemotherapy11- Normal Microbial Flora of the Human Body.12- Spore-Forming Gram Positive Bacilli: Baciilus & Clostridium Species.13- Non-Spore-Forming Gram Positive Bacilli: Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium,Listeria,Erysiplothrix,Actinomycetes &Related Pathogens. Gram Positive Cocci14- Staphylococci 15- StreptococciGram Negative cocci16- The Neisseriae

3. 17-VeillonellaGram Negative Rods18- Enteric Gram Negative Rods(Enterobacteriaceae).19- Pseudomonas, Acintobacter, and uncommon Gram-Negative Bacteria.20- Vibrios, Campylobacters, Helicobacter, & Associated Bacteria.21- Haemophilus, Bordetella, & Brucella.22- Yersinia, Francisella, & Pasteurella.23- LegionellaTypes of Bacteria Which are not Stained by Gram Stain24- Mycobacteria25- Spirochetes26- Mycoplasmas and Cell Wall-Defective Bacteria.27- Rickettsial Diseases.28- Chlamydiae.Virology29- General Properties of Viruses23- Classification of Viruses.24- DNA Viruses.25- RNA Viruses.Final Exam to be Announced

4. DNA Viruses RNA Viruses 1- Parvoviruses 1- Picornaviruses 12- Arenaviruse 2- Papovaviruses 2- Togaviruses 13- Arboviruses 3- Herpesviruses 3- Flaviviruses 14- Bunyaviruses 4- Poxviruses 4- Coronaviruses 5- Hepadnaviruses 5- Coronavirus 6- Adenoviruses 6- Calicivirus 7- Retroviruses 1- Satellites 8- Reoviruses 2- Viroids 9- Myxoviruses 3- Prions 10- Paramyxoviruses 11- Rhabdoviruses Subviral Agents

5. Historical Introduction Concerning the Development of the Science of Microbiology. • -The golden age of Microbiology began after the year 1850. • Many scientists contribute to the science of Microbiology. • - Pasteur – French Chemist • Spontaneous Generation Theory. • Fermentation. • Silk Worm Disease. • Rabies Vaccine. • - Robert Koch – German Physician. • Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Agar as a solidifying agent in culture media. • - Lister – English Surgeon • Disinfection of operating rooms by using carbolic acid(phenol). • - Alexander Fleming – English Doctor • Discovered penicillin accidentally in 1925. • - Floury and Chain used penicillin for the first time in treatment in 1940. • This is followed by discovery of other antibiotics such as Streptomycin, Chlormphenicol, Tetracy • -Sulfa Drugs 1935 • - Electron Microscopy – 1940. • - Poliovirus was the first human virus to be isolated in 1942. • - Modal of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953. • - Molecular Biology

6. - Lister – English Surgeon • Disinfection of operating rooms by using carbolic acid(phenol). • - Alexander Fleming – English Doctor • Discovered penicillin accidentally in 1925. • - Floury and Chain used penicillin for the first time in treatment in 1940. • This is followed by discovery of other antibiotics such as Streptomycin, • Chlormphenicol, Tetracycline • -Sulfa Drugs 1935 • - Electron Microscopy – 1940. • - Poliovirus was the first human virus to be isolated in 1942. • - Model of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953. • - Molecular Biology

7. 1- Protists (Eukaryotic cell). a- Fungi b- Algae c- Protozoa d- Slime molds 2- Prokaryotes a- Eubacteria b- Archaebacteria c- Cyanobacteria ----------------Gap 3- Viruses, Viroids, Virosudes, Prions The Microbial World

8. ) Filamentous Blue Green Bacteria(Cyanobacteria)

9. Protozoa • Unicellular nonphotosynthetic protists. Many are free living. Others are pathogens.

10. Algae • Photosynthetic protists • Many are unicellular, others may form large multicellular structures.

11. Fungi • Nonphotosynthetic mass of branching interlacing filaments(hyphae) known as mycelium. • Yeast and Molds

12. Are characterized by the presence as a stage in their life cycle of an ameboid multinucleate mass of cytoplasm called plasmodium. Not pathogenic. Slime molds

13. Viruses • Obligate intracellular parasites have one type of nucleic acid, DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called capsid.

14. Viroids and Virosudes SSRNA, no capsid, infect plants. Proteineous agent, no nucleic acid. Cause diseases such as CJD and Kuru. Prions

15. Eukaryotic Cell Structure • The nucleus • Cytoplasmic structures • Golgi apparatus • Plastids– Mitochondria and chloroplasts • Cytoskeleton- Microtubules • Microfilaments • Iuntermwediate filaments • Surface layers-CM & CW • Motility organelles- Flagella & Cilia

16. Prokaryotic Cell Structure • Nucleoid • DNA • Ribosomes • Cell wall • Plasma membrane • Outer membrane • Capsule • Flagella • Pili • Simpler in structure than Eukaryotic cell structure on every level except the cell envelope which is more complex. • The Nucloid • The Cytoplasmic Structures

17. The Cytoplasmic Structures • Prokaryotic cells lack plastids(mitochondria & chloroplasts), Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus. The electron transport enzymes are located in the cell membrane. • In cyanobacteria , the photosynthetic membrane often form multilayered structures known as thylakoids. • The photosynthetic pigment in photosynthetic bacteria are present in the form of vesicles or flattened sheet like layers under the cell membrane. • -Bacteria often store reserve materials in the form of insoluble granules: poly B-hydroxy butyric acid, sulfer, volutin (metachromatic) granules of Corynebacteria). • - Protein bound vesicles, magnatosomes, gas vesicles.

18. The Cell Envelope • - The layers which surround the cells. • - Gram postive Cell • 1- Cell membrane. • 2-Thick Peptidoglycan. • 3- Some bacteria have capsule or S layer. • - Gram Negative Cell

19. 1- Inner membrane 2- Thin peptidoglycan 3- Outer membrane 4- Some have capsule or S layer 5- Periplasmic space S layer Made of protein or glycoprotein. Present in many gram negative and gram positive bacteria and Archaebacteria. Function uncertain. Gram Negative Cell Envelope

21. The Cell Membrane • Typical unit membrane Made of phospholipid bilayer and protein

23. The Cell Wall of Bacteria The layers which are present between the cell membrane and the capsule are collectively known as the cell wall. The internal osmotic pressure of the bacterial cell is 5-20% atmosphere. It is the cell wall peptidoglycan layer which protect the cell from bursing out. Gram positive bacteriaGram negative bacteriaStructure1- Backbone of alternating units of Nacetyl glucoseamine disaccharide and Nacetyl muramic acid connected by disulfide bonds.2- Identical tetrapeptide side chain connected to Nacetyl muramic acid .3- Peptide cross bridge

24. Typical Gram stain Gram positive Gram negative

26. Murein, Mucopeptide or Peptidoglycan

27. 1- Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids 2- Polysaccharides Special Components of Gram Positive Cell Wall

29. Gram Negative Cell Wall Components

30. Archaebacteria Cell Envelope

31. Spheroplasts, Protoplasts, L-Forms and Mycoplasma • -Lysozyme and penicillin can lead to cells without walls. Cells lack rigid shape, assume spheroplasts(if gram negative) or protoplast(if gram positive parent). Such cells are able to live if kept in osmotically balanced medium such as 20% sucrose, but will lyse if put in hypotonic environment These cells can not revert to the normal condition because they do not have residual peptidoglycan for the synthesis of new layer of peptidoglycan. • L –forms are derived from parents with normal walls specially during treatment with antibiotics such as penicillin causing chronic infection. Such cells may revert to the normal cell condition if they have residual peptidoglycan which will act as a primer for the synthesis of new cell wall. L-forms can be cultured with difficulty in the laboratory. • - Mycoplasma= group of bacteria that evolved to lack cell wall. Typically found in environments with high osmotic strength (sewage, vagina). M. pneumoniae, M. orales, M. genitalium.