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Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction, pp.94-95

Bi 2a Bi 2b Bi 2e Bi 2f. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction, pp.94-95. Homologous chromosomes. Paired chromosomes both chromosomes of a pair carry “matching” genes control same inherited characters homo logous = same information. single stranded homologous chromosomes. diploid 2n

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Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction, pp.94-95

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  1. Bi 2a Bi 2b Bi 2e Bi 2f Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction, pp.94-95

  2. Homologous chromosomes • Paired chromosomes • both chromosomes of a pair carry “matching” genes • control same inherited characters • homologous = sameinformation single stranded homologouschromosomes diploid2n 2n = 4 double strandedhomologous chromosomes

  3. 46 46 23 23 46 23 23 How do we make sperm & eggs? • Must reduce 46 chromosomes  23 • must reduce the number of chromosomes by half zygote egg meiosis fertilization sperm gametes

  4. Human Life Cell Cycle • Alternating stages • chromosome number must be reduced • diploid haploid • 2n n • humans: 46  23 • meiosis reduces chromosome number • makes gametes • fertilization restores chromosome number • haploid  diploid • n  2n haploid diploid

  5. I.P.M.A.T.P.M.A.T Overview of meiosis 2n = 4 interphase 1 prophase 1 metaphase 1 anaphase 1 n = 2 n = 2 metaphase 2 anaphase 2 telophase 2 prophase 2 n = 2 telophase 1

  6. Double divisionof meiosis DNA replication Repeatafter me! I can’thear you! Meiosis 1 1st division of meiosis separateshomologous pairs Meiosis 2 2nd division of meiosis separatessister chromatids

  7. Meiosis I: InterphasePreparing for meiosis • 1st step of meiosis • Duplication of DNA • Why bother? • meiosis evolved after mitosis • convenient to use “machinery” of mitosis • DNA replicated in S phase of interphaseof MEIOSIS(just like in mitosis) 2n = 6 single stranded 2n = 6 double stranded M1 prophase

  8. Meiosis I: Prophase 1Trading pieces of DNA prophase 1 • Crossing over • during Prophase 1, sister chromatids intertwine • homologous pairs swappieces of chromosome • DNA breaks & re-attaches synapsis tetrad

  9. Crossing over What are theadvantages ofcrossing over insexual reproduction? • 3 steps • cross over • breakage of DNA • re-fusing of DNA • New combinations of traits

  10. 2n = 4 double stranded metaphase 1 telophase 1 1n = 2 double stranded Meiosis 1: Metaphase 1Telophase 1 • Metaphase 1: Tetrads line up in the center • TELOPHASE 1 • 1st divisionof meiosis separates homologous pairs synapsis tetrad reduction

  11. 4 1n = 2 double stranded metaphase 2 1n = 2 single stranded telophase 2 Meiosis 2 • 2nd divisionof meiosis separates sisterchromatids 1n = 2 double stranded prophase 2 What doesthis divisionlook like?

  12. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

  13. Mitosis vs. Meiosis • Mitosis • 1 division • daughter cells genetically identical to parent cell • produces 2 cells • 2n  2n • produces cells for growth & repair • no crossing over • Meiosis • 2 divisions • daughter cells genetically different from parent • produces 4 cells • 2n  1n • produces gametes • crossing over

  14. 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 23 23 46 23 23 Putting it all together… meiosis  fertilization  mitosis + development gametes meiosis egg zygote fertilization mitosis sperm development

  15. metaphase1 The value of sexual reproduction • Sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation • genetic recombination • independent assortment of chromosomes • random alignment of homologous chromosomes in Metaphase 1 • crossing over • mixing of alleles across homologous chromosomes • random fertilization • which sperm fertilizes which egg? • Driving evolution • providing variation for natural selection

  16. new gametes made by offspring from Mom from Dad offspring Variation from genetic recombination • Independent assortment of chromosomes • meiosis introduces genetic variation • gametes of offspring do not have same combination of genes as gametes from parents • random assortment in humans produces 223 (8,388,608) different combinations in gametes

  17. Variation from crossing over • Crossing over creates completely new combinations of traits on each chromosome • creates an infinitevariety in gametes

  18. Variation from random fertilization • Sperm + Egg = ? • any 2 parents will produce a zygote with over 70 trillion (223 x 223) possible diploid combinations

  19. JonasBrothers Baldwin brothers Martin & Charlie Sheen, Emilio Estevez Sexual reproduction creates variability Sexual reproduction allows us to maintain both genetic similarity & differences.

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