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Chapter 5: Formation of Stars and Planets (and more) Part 2 - the Solar System

Chapter 5: Formation of Stars and Planets (and more) Part 2 - the Solar System. EVERYTHING in the Solar System orbits the Sun !. What is EVERYTHING?. The planets …. … and Pluto, too. Sun and planets to scale. Kuiper Belt Objects - KBO. Minor/dwarf planets( --- Pluto ?).

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Chapter 5: Formation of Stars and Planets (and more) Part 2 - the Solar System

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  1. Chapter 5: Formation of Stars and Planets (and more) Part 2 - the Solar System

  2. EVERYTHING in the Solar System orbits the Sun!

  3. What is EVERYTHING? The planets ….

  4. … and Pluto, too.

  5. Sun and planets to scale

  6. Kuiper Belt Objects - KBO Minor/dwarf planets( --- Pluto ?)

  7. Pluto (and other Dwarf Planets) • Much smaller than major planets • Icy, comet-like composition • Pluto’s main moon (Charon) is of similar size

  8. Pluto (and other Dwarf Planets)

  9. Oort Cloud Left-overs from Solar System Formation Comets

  10. Our Solar System

  11. Oort Cloud KBO Solar System

  12. The Solar System consists of: Sun Planets/Dwarf Planets Moons Asteroids KBOs Comets The Solar System divided into: 1. Terrestrial planets Jovian (gas giants) planets Asteroid Belt KBO Oort Cloud

  13. Solar system generalities: All planets orbit and rotate on their axis in the same direction; exceptions: Venus, Uranus Venus rotates opposite to its path around the Sun (“retrograde”) Uranus tilted about 90O

  14. Solar system generalities: Small planets : high density rich in iron and rock close to the Sun Large planets: low density (gaseous) rich in hydrogen and ice far from the Sun

  15. Solar system generalities: 4. Swarms of smaller bodies: rocky asteroids icy comets

  16. The inner part of the protoplanetary disk is hotter than the outer part. • The inner disk has only materials that do not melt at high temperatures. • Refractory = do not melt at high temperature. • The outer disk has volatile materials like ices. • Volatile = can melt or evaporate at moderate temperatures.

  17. The 4 inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth Mars) are rocky – terrestrial planets. • The 4 outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) are gaseous giants. • Asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets are leftover planetesimals. • Moons formed from the giant planets’ accretion disks.

  18. The Formation of Planets Why are there two major types of planets? How did terrestrial planets form? How did jovian planets form? What ended the era of planet formation?

  19. Inner parts of disk are hotter than outer parts. Rock can be solid at much higher temperatures than ice. Inside thefrost line: Too hot for hydrogen compounds to form ices. Outside thefrost line: Cold enough for ices to form.

  20. Tiny solid particles stick to form planetesimals. Gravity draws planetesimals together to form planets. This process of assembly is called planetesimalaccretion

  21. PLANET FORMATION JOVIAN PLANET FORMATION 2 models: core accretion and gravitational collapse (like stars) IMPORTANT: Jupiter had to form first to provide protection for the inner planets to form

  22. Gas giants must form before the solar nebula dissipates (< 10 million years) Disks are seen around many young stars

  23. CORE ACCRETION GAS CAPTURE planetesimals accrete into a solid core  growing core attracts gas envelope runaway gas accretion with a little solids accretion ends when no more gas  planet contracts and cools

  24. PLANET FORMATION TERRESTRIAL FORMATION IMPORTANT: Jupiter had to form first to provide protection for the inner planets to form

  25. CORE ACCRETION GAS CAPTURE planetesimals accrete into a solid core  • Many smaller objects collected into just a few large ones

  26. What ended the era of planet formation? A combination of photons and the solar wind —outflowing matter from the Sun—blew away the leftover gases Magnetic fields in early solar wind helped reduce Sun’s rotation rate Post planet formation Where did asteroids and comets come from? How do we explain “exceptions to the rules”? How do we explain the existence of our Moon? How old is the solar system?

  27. Where did asteroids and comets come from? • Leftovers from the accretion process • Rocky asteroids inside frost line • Icy comets outside frost line

  28. How do we explain “exceptions to the rules”? Heavy Bombardment Uranus’ odd tilt Leftover planetesimals bombarded other objects in the late stages of solar system formation

  29. Not really an exception but still interesting What is the Origin of Earth’s Water Water may have come to Earth by way of icy planetesimals

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