Media Discipline Seminar Presentation 9 February 2011

1. Media Discipline Seminar Presentation9 February 2011 “From Ivan to Osama: How Hollywood Cinematically Mediates and Represents the Changing Nature of Terrorism” Presented by: Jay Reid, MPhil Candidate

2. TOPIC & OBJECTIVES • How has popular culture responded to events such as 9/11? • Terrorism as defining and daily part of life • Popular culture serves as means of public education • Interested in how terrorists are represented within the media, first encountered in honour dissertation (Reid & Cover, 2010)

3. HISTORY OF TERRORISM • 3rd century BC – first mentioned by Greek philosophers • 18th century – ‘Reign of Terror’ during French revolution • 19th century - Italian, Russian and German groups • Early 20th century – disappeared due to WWI & WWII • (Fine, 2008; Pettiford & Harding, 2003: 31-40; Townshend, 2002: 60)

4. HISTORY OF TERRORISM • 1940-1960 - Returned after WWII, desire for national independence, no religious motivation • 1970’s – Rise of global terror movements, Munich Olympics • 1980’s – Rise of suicide bombers, Air India Flight 182 & Pam An Flight 103 (Lockerbie) • 1990’s – Religion not dominant motivation, rise of Osama bin Laden • 2000’s – 9/11, Bali nightclub, London subway, Time Square • (Fine, 2008; Pettiford & Harding, 2003: 55-145; Townshend, 2002: 96-111)

5. SIGNIFICANCE & CONTRIBUTION • Terrorism not a new phenomena (Fine, 2008; Pettiford & Harding, 2003: 31-145; Townshend, 2002: 60-111)... • ... though 9/11 has forever changed the world (Dixon, 2004: 2; Giroux, 2004: 9; Young, 2007: 44) • Pop culture educates the public on trending topics, such as terrorism (Altheide, 2006: 420; Schack, 2009: 65-67; Schoop & Hill, 2009: 16-27) • As films can shape public opinion we should examine how they re-educate audiences over time about the changing nature of terrorism and what inspires these changes • Need for new approaches in post-9/11 world (Rich, 2004: 10)

6. LITERATURE REVIEW • First study of its kind • Previous studies only look at small segments of film • Majority of literature is focused on only a few films • Terrorists: Limited, IRA as new Communists • Attacks: Little on changes over time • Hero: Harrison Ford, race in The Siege • Very little than spans pre- and post-9/11

7. RESEARCH QUESTIONS • H1: "The events of September 11, 2001, have changed the onscreen portrayal and behaviour of terrorists, moving away from post-World War II and post-Cold War inspired secular terrorists to contemporary Middle Eastern terrorists inspired by religion." • RQ1: Ethnicity of terrorists over time • RQ2: Terrorists as the ‘Other’

8. RESEARCH QUESTIONS • H2: "The nature of cinematic terrorist attacks has changed over time to reflect real world terrorist incidents." • RQ3: Changes to means, methods & weapons • RQ4: Presence or absence of religion

9. RESEARCH QUESTIONS • H3: "In order to respond to the changing nature of terrorists and the acts they carry out, the counter-terrorist hero has been forced to change over time." • RQ5: The hero as a national representation • RQ6: The shifting morality of the hero

10. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK & METHODOLOGY • Stuart Hall – representation & the ‘Other’ • Edward Said – Oriental discourse • Michel Foucault – surveillance, monitoring & docile bodies • Create unique framework that binds these three theorists together • Quantative & qualative approaches

11. PRE-9/11 FILMS • Toy Soldiers (1991) • Passenger 57 (1992) • Patriot Games (1992) ♦ • Under Siege (1992) • Demolition Man (1993) • In The Name of the Father (1993) • Speed (1994) • True Lies (1994) • Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995) ● • GoldenEye (1995) ■ • Executive Decision (1996) • The Rock (1996) • Eraser (1996) • Broken Arrow (1996) • Mission Impossible I (1996) ▲ • Air Force One (1997) • The Devil’s Own (1997) • The Peacemaker (1997) • Face/Off (1997) • Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) ■ • The Siege (1998) • Arlington Road (1999) • The World Is Not Enough (1999) ■ • Mission Impossible II (2000) ▲ • Swordfish (2001)

12. POST-9/11 FILMS • Collateral Damage (2002) • The Sum of All Fears (2002) ♦ • Bad Company (2002) • Die Another Day (2002) ■ • Homeland Security (2004) • Syriana (2005) • Flightplan (2005) • Red Eye (2005) • Munich (2005) • United 93 (2006) • World Trade Centre (2006) • Mission Impossible III (2006) ▲ • Casino Royale (2006) ■ • Lions for Lambs (2007) • The Kingdom (2007) • Rendition (2007) • Die Hard 4.0 (2007) ● • Body of Lies (2008) • Vantage Point (2008) • Quantum of Solace (2008) ■ • From Paris With Love (2010) • Salt (2010)

13. TIMELINE

14. REFENCES • Altheide, David (2006). "Terrorism and the Politics of Fear". Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 6.4, 2006: 415-439. • Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2004a). "Introduction: Something Lost - Films after 9/11". Film and Television After 9/11. Ed: Dixon, Wheeler Winston. 2004: 1-28. • Fine, Jonathan (2008). "Contrasting Secular and Religious Terrorism". Middle East Quarterly 15.1: 59-69. • Giroux, Henry (2004). "Terrorism and the fate of democracy after September 11". Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 2.1, 2004: 9-14. • Pettiford, Lloyd & Harding, David (2003). Terrorism: The New World War. Australia: Arcturus Publishing. • Reid, Jay & Cover, Rob (2010). "The Art of War Reporting: Theorising Contemporary Embedded Journalism as Public Discourse". Reconstructions: Studies in Contemporary Culture 10.4. • Rich, B. Ruby (2001). "Back to the future". The Nation 15 Oct. 2001: 44-45. • Schack, Todd (2009). “Perpetual media wars: The cultural front in the War on Terror and Drugs”. The War on Terror and American Popular Culture. Eds: Schopp, Andrew & Hill, Matthew. Cranbury: Associated UP: 65-89. • Schoop, Andrew & Hill, Matthew (2009). "Introduction: The curious knot." The War on Terror and American Popular Culture. Eds: Schopp, Andrew & Hill, Matthew. Cranbury: Associated UP: 11-44. • Townshend, Charles (2002). Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford UP. • Young, Alison (2007). "Images in the Aftermath of Trauma: Responding to September 11th". Crime Media Culture 3.1: 30-48.

15. QUESTIONS & FEEDBACK