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Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia

Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia. Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680. Pepper - Malabar . Clove - Moluccas Nutmeg – Banda. High Value Spices. Sugar Benzoin Deer Skins Sappanwood Sandalwood Musk Camphor Lacquer. Cotton Silver Currency Later Tin Rubber Coffee Oil. Other Trade .

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Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia

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  1. Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

  2. Pepper - Malabar Clove - Moluccas Nutmeg – Banda High Value Spices

  3. Sugar Benzoin Deer Skins Sappanwood Sandalwood Musk Camphor Lacquer Cotton Silver Currency Later Tin Rubber Coffee Oil Other Trade

  4. Entrepots Convenient third country ports serving as point of exchange. • Malacca • Manila • Fai Fo/Hoi An

  5. Cycle of Trade • The cycle of trade was dictated by the monsoon winds. • April – August: Winds from the Southwest toward Asian mainland. • December - March: Winds from the Northeast toward the Indian Ocean.

  6. Shipping • The prahu was the principal local trade vehicle. • Constructed using dowels and joinery; no nails. • Pointed stem and stern, oarlock quarter rudders & latten rigged triangular sails. • Carried 4 to 40 tons. • Enlarged to become SEAsian junk in 1500s. • Three masts; square rigged. • Iron nails and clamps supplemented dowels and joinery. • Average capacity 400 – 500 tons; max of 1,000 tons.

  7. Prahu/Prau

  8. Chinese Junk

  9. Navigation • Sailing with reference to shore line. • Compass. • Knowledge of winds and currents. • Rutters • Early maps and charts

  10. Inland Transportation • Rivers used extensively for inland transportation. • Chao Phraya, Mekong & Irrawaddy • Cities frequently built where rivers ceased to be navigable. • Mekong: Pnompenh, Savannakhet &Vientiane • Chao Phraya: Ayutthaya and Bangkok • Cape Fear: Fayetteville. • Overland transportation was extremely difficult. • Condition of roads and bridges; Banditry • Ox carts and pack animals

  11. Cities • Growth of cities tied to trade boom. • Cities frequently followed Chinese checker board pattern. • Surrounded by walls and gates & oriented South. • Center reserved for harem, retainers, horses & elephants. • Major streets were 20-30 ft. wide, paved & ran in straight lines across the city. • Wood construction meant fire was a serious threat.

  12. Orangkaya • Commonly defined as “rich man.” • Applied to indigenous aristocracy, merchant elite, foreign merchants, descendents of foreign merchants & merchant-officials. • Functioned under local ruler’s patronage. • Status marked by elaborate attire and a retinue of at least one slave to carry his sword and attend his needs. • A high degree of social mobility existed.

  13. Chinese Influence • Impact of Mongol Yuan and Ming expeditions, e.g., Cheng Ho. • Tribute system. • Pilgrimage to Chinese capital-Peking/Nanking. • Audience and confirmation of rulers status. • Awarded badges of office: official seal and yellow umbrella. • Privilege of trade. • Major beneficiaries: Ayutthaya and Malacca

  14. European Impact • Begins with Portuguese in 1509. • Waning of Chinese interest and influence. • Proliferation of trade and ports. • Pegu • Arakan • Luang Prabang, Vientiane & Nakhon Phanom in Laos. • Hoi An • Patani • Aceh • Banten • Makassar • Jambi & Palembang

  15. Questions • What dictated the cycle of trade? • What was the name given to local sailing vessels? • Which was considered better: land or water transportation? Why? • What title was given to wealthy local traders? • Who was Cheng Ho? • The impact of European discovery occurred just as the influence of the what country began to fade? • What was the principal stimulus for the growth of cities?

  16. More Questions • Navigation was accomplished by reference to the shore (when possible) and sailing instructions called ______. • What were the major spices sought by European traders? • How were traditional prahus held together? • What factors favored the construction of port cities inland on major rivers?

  17. The End

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