M2 Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation

1. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation Impact to Individual Impact to Family, Community and Country (National)

2. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impact to Individual • Basic impact to individual • The actual experience • Impact to individual who participated in TOR will get the actual benefit • Example; visits to TN National Park • Experience process or circles • Individual motivation • Related to individual motivation to participate and involve in TOR activities.

3. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impact to Individual • Why we or people engage, involve and participate in TOR activities? • What are the factors that encourage us to involve in TOR activities? • Individual motivation or “pengerak” to participate in TOR are: • Instinct (naluri) • Drive (desakan, dorongan)

4. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impact to Individual • The theories which related to the individual motivation in TOR, based on instinct: • Instinct (an effort to take the action) • Instinct to play, to participate in leisure activity • More on playing instinct • Theory of Energy Human or Individual participate in TOR because he/she has extra/surplus energy after daily routine

5. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impact to Individual • Entertainment Theory and Teleological Theory • Entertainment theory is related to human desire to rest/to relax • Teleological is related to leisure activity becoming future desire to human being • Recapitulation Theory (Teori pengulungan) • Human/individual action ( participate in TOR) because of past experience

6. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impact to Individual • The earlier Theories: • Instinct Theory • Energy Theory • Entertainment Theory and Teleological Theory • Recapitulation Theory (Teori pengulungan) • Conflicts exist or different opinion in earlier theories

7. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impact to Individual • The argument or debate related to ‘mover’ / motivation to participate in TOR activities is: “ Individual try to satisfy their need according to necessity” • The concept of need satisfaction based on Maslow’s Theory (1943); the hierarchy of needs

8. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impact to Individual • Participation (behaviour) is a result of a desire to obtain a psychological and sociological outcome • Primary Need (Keperluan asas) • Necessity to get physiological balance such as food, water, place to live, weather protection, safety, sexual etc • Secondary Need (Keperluan Perolehan) • Additional needs to satisfy the primary needs such as achievement, credibility, desire to know, friendship, face towards risk, self-esteem, etc

9. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impact to Individual • The essential human or individual needs in recreational behaviour are: • Nature enjoyment • Escape from civilization • Escape from daily routine or usual responsible • Physical training or physical practice • Ability to create • Relaxing and self-improvement • Community and society relationships • Meet the new people • Family relationship • Recognition status • Community power • altruism (suka menolong orang lain) • Achievement of Self-satisfaction • Challenge and competition • Use of time to avoid bored • Intellectual ecstatic value

10. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impact to Individual • Individual or human needs hierarchy • Recreational needs be equal to physiological need? “Maslow Theory”

11. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impact to Individual • When TOR become individual needs, or human right same as food, drink, shelter, education then the implication is: “The community must be responsible to prepare or provide at least a minimum recreational facilities or services to other member in society or community”

12. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impact to Individual • Government responsibility • The government has made a rules and policies to ensure that recreational activities and services are provided to the community: • Green Area Every housing development must provide a green area or space for recreational facilities and services take place. • Increase a leisure Time Government has declared Saturday and Sunday for non-working days for the government sector. While the private sector, they give annual paid leave to their workers, provide recreational facility in their industrial area etc.

13. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impact to Individual • The individual or personal important of TOR: • Enjoyment & relaxation (hiburan & beristirehat) • Self realization & achievement (rasa pencapaian sendiri) • Escapism mechanism (melepas dari kenyataan) • Therapeutic impact (kesan terapeutik/rawatan) • Educational impact (kesan pembelajaran) • Skills development • General knowledge • Behaviour development • Physical fitness or health

14. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impacts to Family, Community and Country (National) • How individual involvement in TOR give the impact to community? • Encouraging • Experience effect (+ve) from participation in TOR encouraged (Menyusup) to other person. • Effect on family members become the most essential because family is the basic foundation of the community • Caring relationship, communication relationship and avoid the moral problem in community and society

15. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impacts to Family, Community and Country (National) • TOR help to developed relationship among people • non-organised group; e.g program organised by friend etc • Organized group; e.g Program Rakan Muda, Belia etc • Society or organization Program; e.g Bikers etc • The rules and responsible during engagement in TOR • Maintain the community and society acceptable behaviour according to their rules

16. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impacts to Family, Community and Country (National) • However, some of the leisure and recreational activities caused community or society problem: • Example? • TOR activities could transformed the community attitude, believe and structure • Related to their perception; rural areas • Perception on risks etc • The roles of TOR in development of political power in state, national and international levels. • State level; land status, land gazzeted; e.g state parks • National level; e.g national parks, marine parks • International level; specific program; e.g. ?

17. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impacts to Family, Community and Country (National) • What are the contributions of TOR development to National: In economic perspective? • What are the positive or negative impacts?

18. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impacts to Family, Community and Country (National) • Positive Impacts • Source of national income • Money exchange earning • User expenditure • Employment opportunity • Multiplier effects • Employment multiplier effect (direct, indirect & induced) • Output multiplier effect (direct, indirect & induced) • Environmental conservation and protection

19. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impacts to Family, Community and Country (National)

20. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impacts to Family, Community and Country (National) Experimental Study in RIMP “Pembangunan Redang Island sebagai Taman Laut, ecotourism destination” • Average annual tourists (2000-2005) = 500,000 (85% local) • Marine parks centre; conservation (RM 5 entrance fee); 2.5 Mil • 13 ecotourism operators (accommodations); generated their income (2003) = 10 Mil • Ecotourism operators contributes: gov tax, business tax etc • Employment opportunity: 973 employees (765 direct employment, 12 indirect employment and 160 induced employment) • Local employment impact; 47% (457 employees) are local people • Employment multiplier; Type 1 = 1.104; Type 2 = 1.224

21. M2Development Impact of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Impacts to Family, Community and Country (National) • Positive impacts • Increased in demand, price of goods will increase • TOR sites; expenditure for foods etc • Development impact to environment; opportunity cost • e.g Jetty in Tioman Island • Increase in national expenditures; infrastructure and management • E.g Taman Negara; accessibility to TN Kuala Tahan

22. Next Lecture (M3) Development Impacts of TOR: Benefits and Costs