Judiciary Act of 1801

1. Judiciary Act of 1801 • Passed by the “lame-duck” Federalist-controlled Congress. • Created dozens of new federal judgeships. • An effort, by the Federalists, to maintain control of at least one branch of government.

2. Marbury v. Madison (1803) The US Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review.

3. Thomas Jefferson • Philosopher • Politician • Botanist • Zoologist • Author • Architect • President

4. Jefferson at Home • Jefferson’s wife, Martha, died in childbirth, and he never remarried. • He had one daughter (officially). • He spent his later years at his secluded mountaintop retreat, Monticello.

5. Jefferson’s Inaugural Address “We are all federalists; we are all republicans”

6. President Thomas Jefferson Reduced size of federal government Reduced military spending Freed those imprisoned under Sedition Act Renewed focus on agriculture over industry

7. The Agrarian Ideal A nation of independent farmers WHY? Everyone roughly equal No European-style class divisions . . . . . . which might tend to create faction LAND is what makes America exceptional and will save it from a fate like Europe’s (division, decay, corruption, poverty)

8. Louisiana Purchase • James Monroe went to Paris intending to negotiate a deal for . . . • . . . the Port of New Orleans • Ended up purchasing entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million. • Doubled size of US • What philosophical problem was Jefferson presented with?

9. Lewis and Clark Expedition • Set out in 1804 to explore the American West and find a route to the Pacific • Kept detailed journals about terrain, weather, plants, animals, Indians, etc.

10. What about the non-native inhabitants of the Louisiana Territory? • Thousands of black slaves and free blacks lived in the territory under French and Spanish rule. • Free blacks had been granted the same privileges as white citizens by Spain and France. • This changed under US rule. White Supremacy was an important part of the Jeffersonian Philosophy.

11. Who was Tousaint L’Ouverture, and what does he tell us about Jefferson? • Led ultimately successful slave uprising against French rule in Haiti (1793-1803) • Napoleon’s 10,000+ French troops defeated • Adams agreed to support in 1800 • Jefferson withdrew American support.

12. Jefferson and Race • Expressed moral opposition to slavery but owned numerous slaves • Fathered children with slave Sally Hemmings • Like virtually all White Americans, believed Africans were “inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind.” “No one wishes more than I do to see such proofs as you exhibit, that nature has given to our black brethren, talents equal to the other colors of men.” Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Banneker

13. Jeffersonian Foreign Policy Challenges • Barbary Pirates • North Africans who attacked American shipping • Jefferson sent a small naval force to subdue them in the Barbary Coast War (1801-1805) • British: • Continued occupation of western posts • Impressment/harassment of American shipping

14. Jeffersonian Foreign Policy Principles • Promote trade/keep trade routes open • Avoid major wars/keep the peace • Reduce dependence on Europe(?) Did the Jeffersonian Republicans hold true to these principles?

15. Jefferson’s Response to British Situation • Non-Importation Act (1806) • Forbade Americans from importing from Europe goods that could be manufactured in US • Embargo Act (1807) • Forbade American vessels from sailing to foreign ports What effect did these measures have on the US economy? Who was mostaffected?

16. Crowninshield Wharf – Salem, MA (1806)

17. Leopard-Chesapeake Incident (1807) • British warship Leopard fired on American Chesapeake after impressment dispute

18. Jeffersonian Indian Policy • Acquisition of land! • Regulation of fur trade • Govt. trading posts • “fairness” to Indians • “Civilize” Native Americans • Assimilation • Christianity

19. Indian Responses/Strategies • Armed Resistance • Ohio Valley Confederacy • Creeks • Accomodation • Cherokee • Mysticism (Spiritual) • Handsome Lake (Iroquois) • Tenskwatawa (Shawnee Confederacy)

20. Tecumseh’s Confederacy • Shawnee, Miami, Delaware • Armed resistance in Ohio Valley in 1812 era • Both political/military and spiritual movement • Tenskwatawa (the Shawnee Prophet) was Tecumseh’s brother and instrumental in his success

21. Indian Wars of the 1812-era

22. The “War Hawks” (1810) • Nationalist Republicans who rose to prominence after 1810 Congressional elections • Sought to expand US territory, hated British

23. Macon’s Bill No. 2 • Passed by Congress in 1810 • Provided that if either France or England ceased interference with American shipping rights, trade would resume with that country and an embargo would be levied against the other • France vowed to end interference with neutral shipping.

24. War of 1812 • Pushed by increasing nationalism in Congress, President Madison asked for a Dec. of War on June 1, 1812. • Causes of war: • British impressment and harassment of American shipping • Continued British occupation of western posts

25. War of 1812 • The war had few major battles. • American forces, spurred on by expansionist “War Hawks” invaded Canada without success • The British launched a three-pronged invasion of the US

26. The Northern Front • US troops unsuccessfully invaded Canada • Adm. Oliver Hazard Perry, among others, thwarted a British invasion from Canada.

27. Burning of Washington (1814)

28. Battle of New Orleans (1815) • Gen. Andrew Jackson’s overwhelming victory over British forces was a major boost to American nationalism.

29. Hartford Convention (1814-15) -- repeal of 3/5 clause -- 2/3 vote of Congress to admit new state, declare war, restrict trade • New England Federalists, disgusted with Jeffersonian policies, briefly discussed secession and demanded Constitutional amendments that would lessen the power of the Jeffersonians.

30. Results/Effects of War of 1812 • Treaty of Ghent (1814) offered little more than vague British promises to vacate western posts (they did) • Increased American nationalism, pride • Less reliance on Europe • Growth of American industry • Demise of Federalist Party • Rise of Andrew Jackson • Ohio Valley ready for settlement

31. Madison’s Domestic Policy • Second National Bank (1816) • Tariff of 1816 • Federal support for internal improvements How had the Jeffersonian Republicans evolved by the end of Madison’s presidency?

32. Henry Clay’s American System • Kentucky Congressman, then Senator Henry Clay led a new group of Jeffersonians who became known as National Republicans. • His “American System” proposed tariffs, internal improvements, and other measures designed to promote industry.

33. James Monroe and the “Era of Good Feelings” • With the Federalists gone, only Republicans remained. • Monroe supported further internal improvements, including the National Road. • Monroe Doctine (1823) How did the Era of Good Feelings affect Republican unity?

34. Election of 1824 • Legitimate 5-way race exposed divisions within Jeffersonian Republican Party. • Jackson got most popular and electoral votes, but no one got a majority. • John Qunicy Adams, with the critical support of Henry Clay, won the election in the House of Representatives. • JQA made Clay Secretary of State.

35. A Corrupt Bargain? • Jackson’s supporters angrily accused Adams of stealing the election in a “corrupt bargain” with Clay. • The Jacksonians formed the Democratic Party in opposition to JQA and the National Republicans.