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ACG 5216 Professional Public Speaking

ACG 5216 Professional Public Speaking. Different Ways of Speaking Differently to Different Audiences Session 6 Lecture Dr Eloise Brook Eloise.brook@vu.edu.au Tel. 9919 2196. Key issues in this lecture. General unit update: concluding five Sessions of theory/foundation.

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ACG 5216 Professional Public Speaking

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  1. ACG 5216Professional Public Speaking Different Ways ofSpeaking Differently toDifferent Audiences Session 6 Lecture Dr Eloise Brook Eloise.brook@vu.edu.au Tel. 9919 2196

  2. Key issues in this lecture • General unit update: concluding five Sessions of theory/foundation. • One last theoretical foundation to bed down thoroughly this week… the study of ‘rhetoric’: • Aristotle and his successors. • Judicial rhetoric, hortatory rhetoric, epideictic rhetoric. • Ethos, logos, pathos. • Lucas (2008) and the rhetorical tradition. • Work ahead.

  3. General unit update • Concluding five Sessions of theory/foundation: • Setting the groundwork for giving a speech… • …As well as for listening critically to the speeches of others. • Guided by theories of orality and literacy (especially Ong, 1982). • Looking at Lucas. • The Appendix to Part 4 helps inform your work for Assessment 3 (Major Group Presentation). • Chapter 18 underscores work on committee dynamics and interactive spoken communication.

  4. The study of rhetoric • ‘Rhetoric’ < rhetor (Greek) = ‘orator,’ ‘public speaker.’ • Aristotle (4th century BCE) and his successors:rhetoric is the art of persuasion. • Why make persuasion the defining feature of a public speaker? • What is the art of persuasion?(Tricks? Or strong values? Pretty words? Imagination? Poetry?) • Today, ‘rhetoric’ is still a name commonly given to the study of public speaking, especially in the USA. • Note the titles of books and articles that Lucas (2008, p. iii) has published. • Rhetoric can also apply to written language. • It can also apply to communications media other than speech and writing.

  5. Judicial, hortatory, epideictic • Aristotle speaks about three rhetorical functions that public speakers can fulfil: • Judicial (appraising) — presentations that prompt their listeners to judge/evaluate past events. • Hortatory (motivating) — presentations that prompt their listeners to undertake/support a course of action after they have heard the speech. • Epideictic (entertaining) — presentations that mark an occasion for their listeners in the moment/situation of the speech itself. • Can we think of any speeches that fulfil more than one of these functions? • Can we think of any speeches that fulfil none of these functions — i.e. that fulfil other functions, but not these ones?

  6. Ethos, logos, pathos • Aristotle also speaks about three main techniques of persuasion in speeches: • Ethos (‘character’) — the authority of the speech relies on the audience’s opinions (especially trust/distrust) about the speaker and other characters implicated in the speech. • Logos (‘word’) — the authority of the speech relying on the information it conveys and the quality of the argument it brings together. • Pathos (‘emotion’) — the authority of the speech relies on the emotional intensity of its presenter and the emotional engagement of its audience. • Can we think of any speeches that rely on more than one of these techniques? • Can we think of any speeches that rely on none of these techniques — i.e. that use other techniques, but not these ones?

  7. Lucas (2008) and the rhetorical tradition • Part 5 of Lucas makes his debt to the rhetorical tradition particularly clear. Notice the themes of his chapters and of their subdivisions (p. iv and pp. xiii-xv): • ‘Speaking to persuade’ = rhetoric. • ‘Speaking on special occasions’ = epideictic rhetoric. • ‘Methods of persuasion’ = techniques of persuasion…and additionally: • ‘Building credibility’ = ethos. • ‘Using evidence’ + ‘reasoning’ = logos. • ‘Appealing to emotions’ = pathos. • Across the USA, undergraduate students in most courses have one or more core units in ‘rhetoric’ or ‘public speaking.’

  8. When Americans look to a classic speech… • Rev. Martin Luther King jr., ‘I Have a Dream.’http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm. • Listen to poetic resonance in the opening stanzas: • E.g. the rhyme in stanza 1. • E.g. the references to Abraham Lincoln in stanza 2. • A speech as a poem (c.f. last week’s lecture)? • ‘Somehow this situation can and will be changed’ (stanza 11). • Note the change in style (compare Lucas, 2008, p. 249). • Signs of orality vs literacy.

  9. When Australians look to a classic speech… I Want To Do You Slowly

  10. Work ahead… This session focuses on diversity of speaking styles and diversity among audiences. Additionally, you will re-confirm groups for Assessment 3 and do further work on assessment 2 in today’s session

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