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AP BIOLOGY

AP BIOLOGY. Chapter 4 Carbon Chapter 5 Macromolecules . Organic Chemistry . Compounds containing C C, H, N, O, (P, S) Miller and Urey. Carbon bond Formation . CH 4 C 2 H 6 C 2 H 4. Hydrocarbons. Organic molecules consisting of C and H only

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AP BIOLOGY

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  1. AP BIOLOGY Chapter 4 Carbon Chapter 5 Macromolecules

  2. Organic Chemistry • Compounds containing C • C, H, N, O, (P, S) • Miller and Urey

  3. Carbon bond Formation • CH4 • C2H6 • C2H4

  4. Hydrocarbons • Organic molecules consisting of C and H only • Not prevalent in most living organisms, but most have regions of C and H • Examples: Fats • C-H are nonpolar, (similar electronegativity's) • Their rxs release lots of energy

  5. Isomers • Same numbers of atoms of same elements, different in arrangement • 3 types • Structural isomers • Cis-trans isomers • Enantiomers

  6. Functional Groups • Groups that are directly involved in chemical reactions

  7. ATP • Adenosine Triphosphate

  8. Macromolecules Chapter 5 • All living things fall under 4 major classes • Carbs • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids 3 of the four are HUGE on a molecular scale (proteins, carbs, nucleic acids)

  9. Monomer- building blocks of polymers • Polymer- long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by chemical bonds

  10. Synthesis and Breakdown • Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed up reactions • Dehydration rxns (called synthesis) Dehydration removesa water molecule,forming a new bond.

  11. Synthesis and Breakdown 2. Hydrolysis- to break using water Hydrolysis addsa water molecule,breaking a bond.

  12. Carbohydrates • Include both sugars and polymers of sugar • Monosaccharides (CH2O) • Molecule has a carbonyl group, and hydroxyl groups • Glucose, fructose, galactose • Disaccharides (2 monosacch. Joined by glycosidic linkage) • Glycosidic linkages are = to dehydration reaction • Maltose, sucrose, lactose

  13. Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides • Joined by glycosidic linkages • 2 major categories of polysaccharides • Storage polysaccharides • Starch- plants store as energy within plastids and cholorplasts • Others include: amylose (unbranched) amylopectin • Glycogen- animals store glycogen mainly in liver and muscle cells • Hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose

  14. Carbohydrates 2. Structural polysaccharides • Cellulose- major component of cell wall in plants • Chitin- used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons • Exoskeleton- hard case that surrounds the soft part of an animal

  15. Proteins • Important in almost everything organisms do • Varied functions • Catalysts- speed up rxns without being consumed in rxn

  16. Proteins • Polypeptides • Monomer- amino acids (all polymers are constructed from same set of 20 amino acids) • Polypeptides- polymers of amino acids • Protein- biologically functional molecule that consists of 1 or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific structure

  17. Proteins • Amino acid Monomer

  18. Protein Function • Enzymatic-accelerate chemical rxns • Defensive- protection against disease • Storage • Transport- movement across cell membranes • Hormonal • Receptor- response of cells to chemical stimuli • Contractile/motor- movement • Structural- support (see page 78 for more detail)

  19. Proteins • Amino acid polymers • Monomers link together via peptide bonds

  20. Levels of Protein Structure • Primary • Linked series of a.a. with a unique sequence

  21. Levels of Protein Structure 2. Secondary • Coiled or folded patterns • Alpha helix- coil • Beta-pleated sheet- accordion looking

  22. Levels of Protein Structure 3. Tertiary • Overall shape resulting from interactions of side chains • Interactions: • Hydrophobic interaction • Disulfide bridges • Ionic bonds • H bonds

  23. Levels of Protein Structure 4. Quaternary • Overall structure that is make up of polypeptide subunits

  24. Denaturation and Renaturation • Denaturation- when proteins become destroyed, lose its native shape due to changes in temp, pH, salinity, etc.

  25. Lipids • Large class of large biomolecules that does not include true polymers • All lipids share one important trait: • They mix poorly, hydrophobic, hydrocarbons Lipids include: • Fats • Phospholipids • Steroids • Waxes and pigments

  26. Lipids • Fats • Fat is constructed from two kids of small molecules (glycerol and fatty acids) • Fatty acid- has a long C skeleton 16-18 with carboxyl group • Hydrocarbons are reason why lipids are hydrophobic

  27. Lipids • Saturated fatty acid • No double bonds exist • Animal fats- lard, butter (solid at room temp.) • Unsaturated fatty acid • Has 1 or > double bonds • Most are cis • Plant and fish fat – oils, olive oil (liquid at room temp.)

  28. Phospholipids • Make up cell membranes • Similar to fat but with 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol. • When added with water they self assemble into a bilayer

  29. Steroids • Lipids characterized by C consisting to 4 fused rings. • Cholesterol- within animal cell membranes also a precursor for which all other cell membranes are synthesized • Synthesized in the liver • hormones

  30. Nucleic Acids • Genes- units of DNA • Nucleic acids- polymers made of monomers called nucleotides Roles of Nucleic Acids- • DNA • Genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents • RNA • Interacts with cell’s protein synthesizing machinery part of a protein

  31. DNA RNA Protein

  32. DNA vs RNA DNA RNA Double stranded Deoxyribose sugar Thymine Single stranded Ribose sugar Uracil

  33. Nucleotides • Structure:

  34. 2 families of Nitrogenous Bases • Pyrimidines • Cytosine • Uracil • Thymine • Purine • Adenine • Guanine

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