20 th Century

1. 20th Century Chapter 19 United States Adventures in Time and Place

2. The Rise of the Big Business • The Industrial Revolution and railroads helped our country grow. • New inventions like the sewing machine continued to appear throughout the 1800s • Between 1891 and 1895, over 108,420 new inventions were created in the U.S. • We became known as the “invention capital of the world.”

3. Inventions Change the World • Thomas Edison produced over 1,000 inventions including motion pictures and phonographs. He also invented the electric light bulb. • Alexander Graham Bell was chiefly responsible for the first telephone.

4. The Steel Industry • In the 1850’s a method of making steel more cheaply was discovered. • Andrew Carnegie saw how important this new money-saving method could be. • He built a steel mill near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. • By 1900 Carnegie, once a poor Scottish Immigrant, was one of the richest men in the world. • After retiring he used his money to build universities, hospitals, libraries, parks, museums, and concert halls throughout the U.S. http://hudsoncity.net/temporary/imagestheater/carnegiehall-250.jpg

5. The Oil Industry • In the 1860s Americans were beginning to drill for petroleum, a fossil fuel. • John D. Rockefeller learned of a way to make kerosene from petroleum. • It was cheap and soon replaced animal fat as a source of fuel. • Rockefeller went into the oil-refining business, and he did so very productively. • In 1879 his company, Standard Oil, controlled about 9/10 of the oil business in the U.S. • It had become a monopoly, or a company that controls an entire industry. A monopoly can charge higher prices because there is little or no competition.

6. Corporations • A corporation is a large business that is owned by people who invest their money in the company. • Investors are called shareholders because they own a share of the company. • By the late 1800s more people worked in large factories or mines run by corporations than small businesses or factories.

7. The Labor Movement • Many of the industrial workers during this time period were immigrants. Many immigrants were used to a lower standard of living, so they were often willing to work for lower wages. • 12 to 14 hr. days • 6 days a week • Holidays and vacations were rare. • Hot in summer, cold in winter • Pollution • Injuries on the job • In 1911 a fire in the Triangle Shirtwaist factory in NY City took the lives of 146 women and girls. The sweatshop owners said no to fire escapes, sprinklers, and unlocked doors. 146 of the 500 employees had died. • Children were often used in coal mines and cotton mills. • FACT: As a general rule, the FLSA sets 14 years of age as the minimum age for employment, and limits the number of hours worked by minors under the age of 16. (2011) http://casadelogo.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/child_labor.jpg

8. Unions • To help solve problems with working conditions, workers formed organizations called labor unions. • United workers could get more done. • Business owners didn’t like unions, and sometimes fired union members. • Sometimes unions called for a strike, which means the workers refuse to work until the owners or bosses met their demands. • Strikebreakers were hired to beat up strikers. Scabs were hired to take the place of union members who were on strike. • Mary Harris Jones, known as “Mother” Jones helped pass a law in Pennsylvania in 1905 that forbid children under 14 from working. http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2407/2050851236_4b6f5205c1.jpg

9. American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Founded by Samuel Gompers. • A federation is an organization made up of several groups that have a common goal. • They believed strikes were important weapons in the struggle for workers’ rights. • The AFL helped get laws passed that shortened work hours, ended child labor, and required employers to pay workers for injuries received on the job. http://portrait.kaar.at/USA%202/images/samuel_gompers.jpg

10. The Growing Cities • Between 1870 and 1924 nearly 26 million immigrants entered the U.S. • Italians were fleeing drought, disease, and economic problems. • Jews were fleeing religious persecution and poverty. • Irish were fleeing starvation due to potato famine caused by an airborne fungus. • Some spent their life savings to come over on dirty, overcrowded ships. • Once here they were examined at such places as Ellis Island in New York Harbor or Angel Island in San Francisco Bay before they were allowed into the country. http://www.ellisisland.com/images/dock_steamships.jpg

11. Immigrants • By 1900 over 30 million Americans were city-dwellers. • Most immigrants headed directly for cities in the NE, where jobs were plentiful. They formed small communities within the city. • Vast numbers of immigrants caused housing shortages, so many immigrants ended up living in the slums. A slum is a poor, crowded section of a city with run-down and unsafe housing. • Some immigrants lived in tenements. A tenement is a building carved up into small apartments. They often lacked heat and hot water. Bathrooms were often in the hallway and shared by several families. Families of 6 or 7 lived together in one or two rooms. Under these crowded conditions disease spread rapidly. • Small wooden buildings were built quickly to house immigrants. No one worried about fire safety. In 1871 the Great Chicago Fire killed hundreds of people and left nearly 100,000 homeless. A third of Chicago was destroyed. http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/webpics/Great_Chicago_Fire.jpg

12. The Settlement House • The new immigrants (after the Civil War) were poor. Few spoke English, and they didn’t fit in with the American culture. • Jane Addams decided to share her knowledge of art and literature with the poor. At Hull House (formerly owned by Charles Hull) she held readings, slide shows, and teas for neighborhood women. She soon realized they had more important needs. • Hull House was the country’s first settlement house. It’s a community center that provides child care, education, and other services to the poor. • By 1900 there were over 100 settlement houses. http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/Images/HullHouse.gif

13. The United States Expands • Alaska was bought from Russia for $7.2 million (about 2 cents an acre). It contains plentiful natural resources that include fish, lumber, and oil. • American planters of pineapple and sugar cane led a revolt against Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii in 1893. They asked to join the U.S. Five years later Hawaii became a U.S. possession. http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/liliuokalani/hawaii/liliuokalani.gif

14. The Spanish-American War • In 1895 the people of Cuba began a revolt against their government - Spain. • President McKinley sent the battleship USS Maine to Havana, Cuba, to protect Americans there. • On Feb. 15th an explosion sunk the ship and killed 260 U.S. sailors. • With help from newspapers, many people blamed Spain. People cried, “Remember the Maine!” • Congress declared war on April 25, 1898. • Admiral Dewey sunk the Spanish fleet in the Pacific. • This first battle proved that the U.S. had become a world power. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/ussmaine-nara01.gif

15. The Rough Riders • Theodore Roosevelt, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, was eager to join the fighting. • He quit his job and called on friends to volunteer to go with him to Cuba. • The Rough Riders were cowhands and former Civil War soldiers. • On July 1, 1898, Roosevelt led a charge against Spain in the Battle of San Juan Hill. • African American cavalries known as “Buffalo Soldiers” joined them. • The Americans were victorious. • In August 1898 the Spanish-American War was over. Cuba received its independence from Spain. • Fact: U.S. territories are American Samoa, Guam, Marianas, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

16. The World of Theodore Roosevelt • Reformers are people who want to see a change. • Theodore Roosevelt was a reformer. • When President McKinley was shot and killed in 1901, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became president. • He was a sickly child who was determined to become stronger by exercise. • He believed in a fair government and hard work. • Fact: Leon Czolgosz shot McKinley. http://users.tellurian.com/teach/rushmore/roosevelt.jpg

17. Mount Rushmore • The four presidents carved in the mountain are George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. • Thomas Jefferson was originally started on George Washington's right. However, after 18 months they realized that it was not working. Jefferson's face was dynamited off and carved on the other side. • It took 14 years to complete Mount Rushmore. • No one died while building Mount Rushmore. • The sculpture cost $989,992.32 to build. • There is a cave behind the carving called the "Hall of Records." It was intended to house the story of Mount Rushmore but was never completed due to lack of funding. • Mount Rushmore, the President's Mountain, is located in the Black Hills of South Dakota. • Doane Robinson contacted GutzonBorglum to be the sculptor.

18. Muckrakers and Trust Busters • Muckrakers helped to focus the country’s attention on unfair business practices. • Upton Sinclair was a muckraker who wrote about meat-packing problems in his book, “The Jungle.” It described how unhealthy and dirty food was sold to unknowing customers. • In 1906 Roosevelt pushed Congress to pass the Pure Food & Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. These laws made sure medicines did what their makers claimed and that food was safe. • In 1903 Ida Tarbell brought attention to the unfairness of business who had a monopoly (Standard Oil Company for example). • Roosevelt agreed it was unfair and broke up 25 trusts, or monopolies, into smaller businesses. He became known as the “trust buster.” http://www.knowledgerush.com/wiki_image/c/c6/Sinclair.jpg

19. The U.S. Under Roosevelt • A country should “dare mighty things.” • It took over 40,000 men and 7 years to build the Panama Canal. 5,609 lives were lost to disease and accidents. Mosquitoes carried malaria and yellow fever. The steam shovel was very helpful. • Orville and Wilbur Wright invented the first airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. • In 1913 Henry Ford invented a way to build more cars quickly and cheaply on an assembly line. This cut the price of Ford’s car, the Model T, from $850 to $300. By 1923 ½ of the cars sold in the U.S. were the Model T. http://tickintsofcentralohio.org/images/Historical/MODEL_T_ASSEMBLY_LINE.jpg

20. Conservation • Theodore Roosevelt loved the outdoors. • Conservationists are people who work to preserve wilderness. • Roosevelt created national parks, wildlife refuges, and national forests. • Roosevelt once saved a small bear that was being chased for sport. A newspaper cartoonist heard this story and did a cartoon drawing of the bear. Soon “teddy bears” were being manufactured and sold. http://www.tr.surfor.navy.mil/TR_facts_html/Link_graphics/teddy-bear.gif