Alice M. Agogino

1. Alice M. Agogino BiD (Berkeley Institute of Design) BEST (Berkeley Energy & Sustainable Tech) Lab University of California at Berkeley

2. What is Sustainable Design? Design and development that meets today’s needs without preventing those needs from being met by future generations. -- Nathan Shedroff’s modification from the Brundtland Commission, 1987

3. What is Life Cycle Thinking? Designing to minimize the negative environmental impacts associated with a product or service over its life cycle. – Alice M. Agogino

4. Product Life Cycle Inputs Materials Energy Water Outputs Materials/ Products Solid Waste Airborne Emissions Waterborne Emissions

5. Life Cycle AssessmentPaper versus Plastic Bags • Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Plastic bags generate 40-70% less GHG than paper bags. • Water Consumption: Plastic bags consume 94% less water than paper bags to produce. • Energy Consumption: Plastic bags consume 71% less energy than paper bags to produce. • Solid Waste: Paper sacks generate 5 times more solid waste than plastic. The issue is not paper or plastic, but rather finding ways to reduce, reuse, and recycle both of them – in that order. From the ULS Report: REVIEW OF LIFE CYCLE DATA RELATING TO DISPOSABLE, COMPOSTABLE, BIODEGRADABLE, AND REUSABLE GROCERY BAGS

6. Why Design for the Environment? • Population growth • Energy and water demand • National and world security • Resource justice: Today, 16% of the population is using 80% of the planet’s resources • Climate change and pollution • Reducing waste saves money and landfill • Business drivers – responsible business practices • Regulations and policies • Supply chain quality

7. Supply Chain Drivers - Mattel Toys • Toy-making giant Mattel issued a recall for about 9 million Chinese-made toys, including Polly Pocket dolls, shown here. • Companies are scrutinizing their supply chain for safety, social and environmental concerns. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20254745/

8. End-of-Life Strategies Reuse Service Remanufacture Design for Disassembly or Recycling (Recycling w/without Disassembly) Disposal Design Strategies Green Parts and Supply Chain Localization Use Strategies Dematerialization and Material Selection Modular Architecture Designing Products as Services Biomimicry Timeless Design Cradle-to-Cradle (upcycling) Green Product Strategies

9. The Kambrook Kettle Example Natural Resource Extraction Raw Materials Production Product Manufacturing Use End of Life Sustainable Design Focus: • Use-phase energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions • Use-phase and end-of-life phase solid • 25% reduction in electricity consumption • and 40% reduction in materials • Success by observing product use Sweatman, A. and Gertsakis, J. (1996) Eco-Kettle: keep the kettle boiling, Co-Design.

10. Nike Considered Case • Leather (a renewable resource) pieces are stitched in an overlapping fashion so as to produce smooth internal seams, obviating the need for comfort liners and reducing the shoe's material mass. • Use of hemp and organic cotton. • All leather pieces are tanned using a vegetable-based process. • To save material mass, metal eyelets aren't used. • Where possible, materials are sourced locally to reduce transportation energy use (within 200 miles). • The two-piece outsole is designed to snap together, eliminating harmful adhesives & enabling recyclability. • No use of PVC.

11. Nike Considered: Where innovation meets conservation Hemp used for woven upper and shoelaces 60% less waste 37% less energy Reducing solvent use by 80% Uses recycled factory rubber Stimulated organic cotton market

12. Current Nike Strategy • Good design • Environmentally friendly materials • Waste reduction • Solvent use • Sustainable innovation

13. Interface Carpets Fact: 2.8 million tons of carpet are landfilled each year in the United States! [U.S. EPA 2003]

14. Recreational Sports Facility (RSF) http://hpg.berkeley.edu

15. Whole Systems Design • Autodesk Sustainability Workshop, autodesk.com/sustainabilityworkshop

16. Prioritize, Ideate and Evaluate • Autodesk Sustainability Workshop • http://autodesk.com/sustainabilityworkshop

17. Refrigerator Design Example Jeremy Faludi, faludidesign.com

18. Life Cycle Thinking for Re-Design Jeremy Faludi, faludidesign.com

19. Look at How the Refrigerator Works Jeremy Faludi, faludidesign.com

20. Whole Systems Map of a Refrigerator Jeremy Faludi, faludidesign.com

21. Prioritize objectives by assessing life-cycle impacts you can control Focus Attention

22. Focus on Life-Cycle Impacts You Can Control Jeremy Faludi, faludidesign.com

23. Focus on High Impact • Depletes non-renewable resources, causes pollution, uses land. • Raw Materials • Uses energy, causes pollution (solid waste, air pollution) • Manufacturing • Uses energy and fuel, causes air pollution • Transportation • Uses electricity. Impacts vary based on energy source (coal, nuclear, wind). • Energy Use • Land use (landfilling), may release some pollutants into the environment • Disposal Jeremy Faludi, faludidesign.com

25. Where are Largest Impacts?

26. Priorities • Reduce Total Energy Use • User Convenience • Price

27. Priorities & Metrics • Reduce Total Energy Use • 20% Less Energy • User Convenience • No Added Time • Same Quality • Price • Zero Added Cost

28. Brainstorm Whole System Solutions • Defer judgment • Encourage wild ideas • Build on the ideas of others • Go for quantity • Be visual • Stay focused on topic • One conversation at a time

30. Factor Ten Design Principles • Collaborate across disciplines • Iterate • Define shared and aggressive goals • Adjust incentives • Define the service provided • Establish the theoretical minimum end-use • Identify and communicate all possible benefits • Start with a clean sheet • Use real data • Start downstream • Design for simplicity • Tunnel through the cost barrier • Base design on oscillating demand • Functionally integrate components • Include feedback • Address Systemic Causes

31. Designer’s Field Guide to Sustainability - Lunar Question the premise of the design: SanDisk Case http://www.lunar.com/fieldguide/

32. Change the Size and Shape

33. Energy source and end-of-life

34. Reducing losses when opening and closing Or avoiding the fridge altogether

35. Focus on the most promising ideas: Reduce energy • Avoid cold air escaping when fridge open/closed • More energy efficient configuration • Renewable energy source

36. Evaluate and Chose Best Solutions • Too close to call

37. Eco-brainstorm exerciseBased on your current projects

38. Variation: Negative Brainstorming … • Carry out a negative brainstorm for your product! • Look at your highest impact area in the life cycle of your product. • In your groups, carry out a brainstorm of all the possible ways of making the environmental profile of your product as terrible as possible in this phase! • Use no longer than 10 minutes on the task • Write your ideas down on post-its • Remember that brainstorm rules apply!

39. Now Turn Negative Ideas to Positive Proposals - - - 

40. Take-Aways • Design the life cycle first – then focus your attention on areas you can control and have highest impact. • The company must take on responsibility in the value chain – there’s also lots of business to be won here. • Use sustainability as a driver for innovation.