Theorists but don’t panic

1. Theoristsbut don’t panic • Freud - Psychosexual theorist (you know the one who talks about the mouth, anus and penis amongst other things) The oral stage 0-1.5 years energy focused on the mouth, gains pleasure from mouth and attention is focused on the person gratification / help. The anal stage 1.5 -3.5 years energy focused on the anal area, gains pleasure from elimination or retention of faeces

2. Freud The phallic stage 3.5 – 5.5 years energy focused on the genitals, issues become orientation to male and female identification The latency stage 5.5 -12 years energy / impulses are relatively dormant, focused on learning, mastering skills and acquiring new interests. And then comes ADOLESCENCE!

3. Theoristsbut don’t panic • Erikson - Psycho social theorist Viewed development as stages where we have to meet a crisis/ challenge before moving onto the next stage. Infancy Basic trust versus mistrust Through experiencing the world and consistency and continuity of care the infant develops a sense of trust, providing the foundation for a ‘sense of identity’ 1.5 – 3.5 years Autonomy versus shame and doubt Through experiencing independence they develop a sense of autonomy, if restricted they may feel shame or doubt

4. Erikson 3.5 – 5.5 years Initiative versus guilt Through increasing independence and physical competency they have the opportunity to be themselves and develop a concept of who they are, if they don’t make the separation guilt can arise.

5. Erikson 3.5 – 5.5 years Initiative versus guilt • Development of friendships • Grasp of language – the ‘why’ stage • Development of imagination through physical coordination and language use • Heightened interest in own sexuality

6. Erikson 5.5 – 12 years Industry versus inferiority The child aims for productivity and mastery but feels inferior if this is not achieved. The child is ‘all set’ for entry into life including school.

7. Erikson 5.5 – 12 years Industry versus inferiority • Development sense of industry • Developing perseverance • Adjusting to ‘world of tools’ • Is eager and absorbed in producing things • Risk of developing poor self concept if effort not recognised and some success experienced

8. Theoristsbut don’t panic • Piaget – Cognitive development theorist Piaget identified that children think and understand the world differently from adults. He was a stage theorist where each level of knowledge incorporates and builds onto existing patterns of thought and behaviour. Over time children modify the way they think to deal with new information

9. Piaget The Sensori – motor period 0-2 years Infants use their sensory systems and motor activity to help acquire knowledge about the world. This stage has 6 substages covering the period from primary reflexes through to representational thought. The Pre – operational period 2 -7 years The child develops symbolism, an understanding that enables one object or action to represent another, the development of language assist them to make further sense of their world and interact with others.

10. Piaget The Concrete operational period 7 - 11 years The child can apply simple logic to solve problems, they begin to understand the relationship between things but still cannot think in abstract terms

11. Piaget The Concrete operational period 7 - 11 years Development of concepts of • Reversibility – understanding that opposite numbers can cancel each other out • Conservation- the retention by an object or substance of certain properties, regardless of shape and arrangement • Classification- the ability to associate a subset of objects with the larger grouping to which it belongs. Uses seriation which is the ability to organise objects into a logical sequence • An ability to relate to time and space • Development of sense of humour as able to start to predict and see the incongruity of an event.

12. Piaget The Formal operational period 11+ years The child develops abstract reasoning and are able to think beyond the present and can appreciate possible relations among sets of elements.