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The Truman Doctrine

The Truman Doctrine. 12 March 1947 : Truman  Congress; Greece & Turkey need aid Communist victory in the Eastern Mediterranean could mean Soviet domination of the Middle East

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The Truman Doctrine

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  1. The Truman Doctrine • 12 March 1947: Truman  Congress; Greece & Turkey need aid • Communist victory in the Eastern Mediterranean could mean Soviet domination of the Middle East • Truman declared that the US should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by “armed minorities” or “outside pressures”  • The Truman Doctrine

  2. The Truman Doctrine (cont’d) • $400 million approved • Ended policy of post-war cutbacks • Suggested new level of confrontation with the Soviets • Truman built a national consensus that fighting communism was the purpose of containment

  3. Significance of the Truman Doctrine • One of the declarations of Cold War • Point at which the Truman administration & Congress made public the decision that Communism was a great threat

  4. The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan - Go to http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war8.htm

  5. Postwar Europe • Economic chaos  high unemployment, active black markets, thefts • Millions in refugee camps • 1946-1947 winter: bitterest in centuries; below-zero temperatures & record snow • Damaged crops; froze rivers which prevented water transport (creates fuel shortages); food rationing in UK

  6. The Marshall Plan (June 1947) • US Secretary of State George Marshall proposed that the US provide aid to all European nations that needed it • Move directed, “not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, desperation, and chaos.” • Recipients had to remove trade barriers and cooperate economically with each other

  7. Other Goals of the Marshall Plan • 1) It could act as a barrier to Soviet expansion • 2) Pull Eastern Europe out of the Soviet bloc • 3) Integrate Germany and contain it

  8. Marshall Plan Approved • Many resist giving away billions of dollars • February 25, 1948communist coup in Czechoslovakia (backed by Moscow) • Coup convinced Congress of the need strong, stable governments in Europe to resist communism • $12 billion over 4 years to 16 countries

  9. The Marshall Plan

  10. Significance of the Marshall Plan • Great success economically & politically • Nutrition improved and industry grew • 1952: Western Europe was flourishing • The threat of communist parties taking over was ended • USSR sees plan as a lure to Eastern Europe to “be like us”

  11. II. The First Cold War1948-1953 • West & USSR clash over German reunification • Desire a productive Germany for European stability • June 1948:US, UK, & France fuse occupied zones into one • Want to encourage the political unity of Berlin

  12. The Berlin Blockade (June 1948-May 1949) • USSR fear block all road, rail, & river traffic to Berlin • Stalin believed the Western powers would give up the idea of a unified Germany or surrender control of Berlin • US & UK Response: 11 month Berlin Airlift • US prestige increases; USSR prestige declines

  13. The Berlin Blockade - Go to http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war9.htm

  14. China from 1912-1949 Yuan Shikai(left) and Sun Yat-sen(right) with flags representing the early republic

  15. Wade-Giles &Pinyin transliteration • Nationalists (Kuomintang - KMT) also the Guomindang – GMD • Chiang Kai-shek- Jiang Jieshi • Mao Tse-tung – Mao Zedong

  16. Imperialism & Civil War In China • I. The Early Republic (1912-1916) • Western style democracy • Sun Yat-sen(President); powerless govt.; Allied Power in WWI • II. Era of the Warlords (1916-1927) • Popular anger over Versailles; disillusionment w/West & democracy • Sun Yat-sen dies 1925; Chiang Kai-shek • Joint Nationalist/Communist efforts to destroy warlords

  17. Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)

  18. Civil War In China • III. From the White Terror to the YananSoviet (1927-1937) • White Terror, 1927 • Nationalists (Kuomintang - KMT) vs. Communists • Mao Tse-tung • The Long March, 1934-1935 • IV. Nationalist China (1937-1945) • Japanese invasion 1937 • Nationalist/Communist cooperation

  19. Mao Tse-tung

  20. Civil War In China • V. The Chinese Civil War (1945-1949) • Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists) • Mao Tse-tung(Communists) • Mao & Communist forces victorious 1949 • Nationalists had lost popular support since they rarely engaged the Japanese armies during WW2 – peasants also favored Mao’s promise of land reform • Nationalists (Chiang) flee to Taiwan

  21. Chinese Civil War, 1945-49

  22. Mao Tse-tungproclaiming the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

  23. The Cold War Spreads to Asia • The “Loss” of China: • Republicans blame the Democrats for this: • Insufficient US aid to Chiang • Treachery within the State Department • Democrats & Truman: • Chiang never “had” China to lose • Chiang had no popular support – outside support no substitute

  24. The “Loss” of China (cont’d) • Many Americans believe the “treachery” & “loss” theories • Chinese Nationalists (UN) warn of the spread of Communism throughout Asia • Korean War in the summer of 1950 caused many Americans to believe this

  25. The US Prepares to Confront the Soviet Union

  26. National Security Act of 1947 • Created the Department of Defense (army, navy, air force) • Joint Chiefs of Staff • NSC (National Security Council) established to advise the president on security matters • CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) created to coordinate the government’s foreign fact-gathering

  27. The Pentagon • Home of the Department of Defense

  28. NSC-68 • NSC memorandum from 1950 • Said US should quadruple defense spending • Resurrected by the Korean crisis • Truman: $50 billion per year; 3.5 million men under arms • Marked the militarization of US foreign policy • Move from “containment” to “roll-back” • objective: stop the Soviets from imposing absolute authority over the rest of the world

  29. The Atomic Arms Race • US was the only nation with the A-bomb • Soviet spies help USSR develop the bomb by 1949 • Truman approves the development of the H-bomb • 1952 – US explodes 1st H-Bomb (Ivy Mike) • 1953 – USSR explodes 1st H-Bomb • Peace through mutual terror

  30. Ivy Mike Hydrogen Device

  31. Ivy Mike (10.4 mT, Eniwetok, Oct. 31, 1952)

  32. RDS-6 “Joe 4” (400 kT August 12, 1953)

  33. The Korean War - Go to http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war10.htm

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