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Alcohols and Ethers

Organic Reactions. Alcohols and Ethers. Victoria, Reha, Nick and Jenn. Rules. Markovnikov's rule. for hydration of alcohols, the hydrogen attaches to the carbon atom that already has more hydrogen atoms and the OH attaches to the other carbon in the double bond. Condensation.

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Alcohols and Ethers

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  1. Organic Reactions Alcohols and Ethers Victoria, Reha, Nick and Jenn

  2. Rules Markovnikov's rule for hydration of alcohols, the hydrogen attaches to the carbon atom that already has more hydrogen atoms and the OH attaches to the other carbon in the double bond

  3. Condensation the formation of an ether from the reaction of two alcohol molecules, releasing a water molecule. Concentrated sulfuric acid is a catalyst. Combustion Similar to hydrocarbons, alcohols undergo complete combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water.

  4. Elimination the formation of water and an alkene from an alcohol. A dehydration reaction is catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid. Hydration The formation of an alcohol from an alkene and water. A hydration reaction is catalyzed by sulfuric acid.

  5. Hydrogenation • The addition of a hydrogen to the carbonyl group of aldehyde and ketones, forming an -OH group and therefore an alcohol. • Aldehydes  1o alcohols • Ketones  2o alcohols. • heat and pressure act as a catalyst • the reverse reaction is oxidation

  6. Oxidation The formation of an aldehyde or ketone from an alcohol and oxygen (from an oxidizing agent) 1o alcohol  aldehyde 2o alcohol  ketone 3o alcohol  not readily oxidized

  7. Practical and Industrial Uses • Ethers • Anesthetic (diethyl ether) • Solvent • Engine starter Alcohols • Beverage (ethanol) • Antifreeze (ethylene glycol) • Antiseptic • Solvent • Fuel

  8. Environmental Impact • Ethanol refineries emit pollutants, like nitrogen oxide, a key element of smog • Harmful chemicals like benzyl alcohol • Toxins such as Methyl T-Butyl Etherare found in ground water • Impact of alcohol industry • Beer brewing process • Energy consumption • Packaging and transportation

  9. Summary of Reactions Condensation: alcohol + alcohol  ether + H2O • Combustion: alcohol + O2 CO2+H20 • Elimination: alcohol  alkene + H2O • Hydration: alkene + H2O  alcohol • Hydrogenation: aldehyde + H2 1o alcohol • ketone + H2 2o alcohol • Oxidation: 1o alcohol + (O)  aldehyde • 2o alcohol + (O)  ketone • 3o alcohol + (O)  no reaction *(O) indicates oxidation with an oxidizing agent

  10. Quiz!

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