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Modern Molecular Genetics

Modern Molecular Genetics. A Study in Genomics. Modern Molecular Genetics Introduction (pg. 69-70). Many major breakthroughs in the field of genetics since the early 1950’s Biotechnology is the use of molecular biology to improve human life and tackle environmental challenges.

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Modern Molecular Genetics

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  1. Modern Molecular Genetics • A Study in Genomics

  2. Modern Molecular GeneticsIntroduction (pg. 69-70) • Many major breakthroughs in the field of genetics since the early 1950’s • Biotechnology is the use of molecular biology to improve human life and tackle environmental challenges

  3. Modern Molecular GeneticsRecombinant DNA Technology (pg. 70) • Inspired by the cut-and-paste tactics (conjugation) used by viruses discovered in the 1970’s • Scientists became interested in manipulating genes (known as genetic engineering) • Resulted in the development of several recombinant techniques • https://www.google.com/search?q=dna+structure&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=DwapUuq6ENjZoATfsoLAAg&sqi=2&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1208&bih=860#q=The+Bacteriophage+T4+Virus&tbm=isch&imgdii=_ A virus at work

  4. Modern Molecular GeneticsRestriction Enzymes (pg. 70-71) • Werner Arber: • In the 1950‘s, Arber successfully isolated enzymes that recognized specific DNA strands • Those enzymes cut in a rather random manner • Hamilton Smith: • Recognized an enzyme that cuts DNA in specific spots • Named the enzyme (endonuclease R) • They both won Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts Werner Arber

  5. Modern Molecular GeneticsThe Mass Production of DNA: PCR (pg. 72) • The process for DNA replication is called a Polymerase Chain Reaction • Achieved by Kary Mullis in 1990’s • Ingredients: • Genomic DNA (template) • Nucleotides (building blocks) • Primer (builder) • Polymerase (proofreader)

  6. Modern Molecular GeneticsThe Mass Production of DNA: PCR (pg. 72) • PCR Process: • 1. Denuration: mixture is heated to break the hydrogen bonds in the genomic DNA • 2. Annealing: mixture is cooled to allow primers to quickly build complementary DNA sequences • 3. Extension/Elongation: mixture is again heated to allow polymerase to check new DNA as the primers finish up

  7. Modern Molecular GeneticsApplications (Gene Cloning) (pg. 72-74) • Insulin is a hormone used to regulate blood sugar • Diabetes is a deficiency of insulin • People developed insulin resistance after using consistently using animal insulin • Recombinant technology has helped solve this problem

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