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The APRM As A Governance Improvement Mechanism

The APRM As A Governance Improvement Mechanism. Paper Presented During Workshop on “Harmonizing the Mauritius National Plan of Action (NPoA) with the existing development strategies and Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF)” at Domaine Les Pailles, La Canelle Rouge, Mauritius,

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The APRM As A Governance Improvement Mechanism

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  1. The APRM As A Governance Improvement Mechanism Paper Presented During Workshop on “Harmonizing the Mauritius National Plan of Action (NPoA) with the existing development strategies and Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF)” at Domaine Les Pailles, La Canelle Rouge, Mauritius, from 23 to 24 April 2012. by Dr. Adotey Bing-Pappoe

  2. Outline • The Governance Landscape • The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • The APRM as a Governance Improvement Mechanism • APRM Achievements and Challenges

  3. The Governance Landscape

  4. The Governance Landscape definitions • “The traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised” (Daniel Kaufmann -The Worldwide Governance Indicators) • “The exercise of political authority and the use of institutional resources to manage society's problems and affairs.” (The World Bank) • “Decisions that define expectations, grant power, or verify performance” (Wikipedia) • The allocation, redistribution, and uses of power in institutions, organisations, and associations i.e. governments, businesses, and civil society

  5. areas of focus-1 The Governance Landscape • Voice and Accountability • Political Stability and the Absence of Violence • Government Effectiveness • Regulatory Quality • Rule of Law • Control of Corruption • World Governance Index

  6. areas of focus-2 The Governance Landscape • Leadership • Decision making and decisions • Capacity • Learning • Monitoring • Evaluation • Corrective action • OECD

  7. leadership concerns The Governance Landscape • Eligibility • Selection process • Powers

  8. decision making concerns The Governance Landscape • Decisions should be: • Vision and mission driven • Lawful • Transparent • Accountable • Participatory • Inclusive • Consensual • Responsive • Equitable • Source: OECD

  9. capacity concerns The Governance Landscape • Conditions for effective and efficient organisations: • Mission and Objectives • Human resources (personnel) • Human capital (knowledge) • Financial resources • Systems and procedures • Time

  10. monitoring concerns The Governance Landscape • Scope • Frequency • Method

  11. evaluation concerns The Governance Landscape • Scope • Timing (duration since implementation) • Method • Internal or external

  12. learning The Governance Landscape • Objectives of learning: • Improved governance performance • Improved governance framework • Institutions • Objectives • Strategies • Indicators • Targets

  13. The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms

  14. outline The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Purpose • Governance Assessment and Benchmarking • Governance improvement Plan • Implementation • Learning • Monitoring • Evaluation • Corrective action

  15. Framework The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Objective • Internally driven • Externally driven • Accession • Compulsory • Voluntary • Membership rules • Compliance • Incentives • Sanctions

  16. governance assessment The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Focus • chosen governance themes • Comprehensiveness • institutions included • Format • official data collection • expert opinion surveys • popular surveys • Benchmarking • choice of indicators • compilation and publication of results

  17. governance improvement plan-1 The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Issues • focus areas • Objectives • common • Strategies • single • diverse

  18. governance improvement plan-2 The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Interventions • Indicators • trend • aspirations • targets

  19. implementation The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Completion • Quality • Time • Cost

  20. learning-1 The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Monitoring • Implementation • Evaluation • Efficiency • Effectiveness • Corrective action

  21. The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms learning -2 • Objectives of learning: • New or raised governance targets • New or amended governance indicators • New or higher governance objectives • New missions • New institutions

  22. The APRM as a Governance Improvement Mechanism

  23. framework The APRM as a Governance Assessment and Improvement Mechanism • Objectives • Positive reputation • Attract FDI • Attract ODA • Improved socio-economic development performance • Accession • voluntary • Membership rules • minimal • incentives • sanctions

  24. objectives and strategies The APRM as a Governance Improvement Mechanism • Questionnaire design promotes • Global codes and standards • Common objectives • Common strategies

  25. focus of questionnaire The APRM as a Governance Improvement Mechanism • The objectives and questions in the questionnaire are mainly concerned with: • Decision making and decisions • Institutional mission • Leadership

  26. focus of questionnaire The APRM as a Governance Improvement Mechanism

  27. comprehensiveness The APRM as a Governance Improvement Mechanism • Institutions included in governance assessment • Government • Executive • MDAs • Judiciary • Legislature • Business • Civil Society not included

  28. governance assessment: format The APRM as a Governance Improvement Mechanism • Data collection methods • Periodic Formal Self-Assessments • APRM Questionnaire • expert opinion • stakeholders • public opinion • Reports - Annual and bi-annual

  29. benchmarking The APRM as a Governance Improvement Mechanism • The questionnaire does not make benchmarking mandatory • included in Mauritius NPoA

  30. governance improvement plan The APRM as a Governance Improvement Mechanism • NPoA structure • Issue • Objectives • Required action • Monitorable indicator • Means of verification

  31. learning-1 The APRM as a Governance Improvement Mechanism • Monitoring • The systems for monitoring of the NPoA were developed by national governing councils post NPoA • Evaluation and Corrective Actions • weak evidence of corrective actions from progress reports submitted

  32. APRM: Achievements and Challenges

  33. importance of governance APRM Achievements and Challenges • Achievements • APRM raised awareness of importance of the decision dimension of governance especially: • transparency • accountability • rule of law • Challenges • To deepen that understanding to take in the whole governance landscape: • leadership • decisions • capacity • learning

  34. APRM Achievements and Challenges governance assessment-1 • Achievements • APRM demonstrated that governance could in principle be assessed categorically and quantitatively • leadership • decisions • capacity • learning

  35. APRM Achievements and Challenges governance assessment-2 • Challenges • To institutionalise benchmarking by: • for each APRM objective develop quantifiable or categorisable indicators to be used in the self-assessment. e.g: • CG: enabling environment and effective regulatory framework • new businesses registered annually • contribution of businesses to fiscal revenues • proportion of local registered firms in each enterprise size category

  36. APRM Achievements and Challenges governance assessment-3 • Challenges • for each APRM objective develop quantifiable or categorisable indicators to be used in the self-assessment. e.g: • EGM: macroeconomic policies for sustainable development • relative share of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in economy • share of public and private R&D in GDP • number of patents issued • SED: self reliance in development • proportion of multinational plans in national development plan • proportion of national plan financed by national budget • Benchmarking used as basis of NPoA design

  37. development and governance-1 APRM Achievements and Challenges • Achievements • APRM combined governance assessment with socio-economic development assessment • This showed the deep connection between the two: what and how, ends and means • Challenges • Clarify further the distinction • development is about outputs of goods and services • governance is about established processes

  38. development and governance-2 APRM Achievements and Challenges • Achievements • The NPoA focus could be said to be on “governance through development” • some “governance” projects are development projects that are necessary to improve governance e.g: • computerisation of court records to speed up trial times etc • Challenges • To raise the profile of improved governance through improved systems and organisation

  39. APRM focus APRM Achievements and Challenges

  40. governance improvement APRM Achievements and Challenges • Achievements • NPoA - the first steps in institutionalising improvements in governance performance and socio-economic development • Challenges • To institutionalise governance improvement plans linked to benchmarking, through: • choice of objectives • choice of indicators • choice of targets

  41. accession-1 APRM Achievements and Challenges • APRM accession • 33 out of 55 African countries or 60% of African countries • 81% of African population living in APRM member county • 89% of African GDP produced in an APRM member country

  42. accession-2 APRM Achievements and Challenges • Characteristics of African countries* • Average country population - 16 mn • Per Capita GDP - Africa -US$ 1,009 • * 2010

  43. accession-2 APRM Achievements and Challenges • Characteristics of APRM member countries* • Average APRM member population size - 20 mn • Per Capita GDP - US$1,219 • * 2010

  44. accession-2 APRM Achievements and Challenges • Characteristics of non-APRM member countries* • Average population = 11mn. • Per Capita GDP Non-APRM - US$1,276 • Per capita GDP non-APRM countries (excluding Botswana and Libya) - US$961 • * 2010

  45. accession-3 APRM Achievements and Challenges • Challenge: Increase number of new accessions • Countries yet to accede • 40% of countries • 11% of continental GDP • Politically unstable

  46. accession-4 APRM Achievements and Challenges • Challenges • Keeping and increasing number of active members, by: • providing for possibility of different strategies to achieve similar objectives • delivering identifiable regular benefits e.g. • targets to be striven for

  47. leadership-1 APRM Achievements and Challenges • Achievements • Instances of constitutional leadership in Africa on the rise • Quality of constitutional leadership in Africa improving • Threats to un-constitutional leadership mediated or challenged

  48. leadership-2 APRM Achievements and Challenges • Challenges • Continued successful interventions require: • Regional institutions with strong levers e.g. • diplomatic • financial • geo-political • military • Infringements from relatively vulnerable countries

  49. decisions-1 APRM Achievements and Challenges • Achievements • APRM credited improvements to national governance making for better decisions e.g. • Ghana - Whistle Blower Act - 2006 • Kenya - new constitution (2010) • less powerful president • more powerful prime minister • devolved power to regions • judicial services commission • Uganda - strengthening parliamentary oversight capacity • Nigeria - Freedom of Information Act - 28th May 2011

  50. decisions-2 APRM Achievements and Challenges • Challenges • Improved governance should lead to improved economic performance • Governance assessment and improvement initiatives should fully embrace all three domains of society: political, business, and civil • Governance focus concerns to include capacity and learning, as well as leadership and decisions.

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