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Computer System Categories

Mainframe Computers. Midrange Computers. Microcomputers. Computer System Categories. First Generation. Second Generation. Third Generation. Fourth Generation. Fifth Generation. Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly. Vacuum Tubes. Solid-State. Integrated

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Computer System Categories

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  1. Mainframe Computers Midrange Computers Microcomputers Computer System Categories

  2. First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly Vacuum Tubes Solid-State Integrated Circuits LSI, VLSI Micro- processors Greater Power, Smaller Footprint Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain Trends in Computer System Capabilities

  3. Microcomputer Systems • Handheld Computers • PDA, • Notebook Computers • Desktop Computers • Workstations • Network Server • Powerful microcomputer used in small LANs

  4. Network Computer (Thin Client) NetPC Network Terminal Benefits Lower purchase cost Easier maintenance Easier software distribution and licensing Computer platform standardization Reduced end user support requirements Improved manageability Network Computers and Terminals

  5. Central Processing Unit Control Unit ALU Output Devices Output Devices Input Devices Special Purpose Processors Primary Storage Cache Memory Secondary Storage Devices Computer System Components

  6. First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Punched Cards Paper Tape Punched Cards Key to Tape/ Disk Keyboard Data Entry Pointing Devices Optical Scanning Voice Recognition Touch Devices Handwriting Recognition Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Natural and Easy to Use Input Technology Trends

  7. Common Input Devices • Keyboard • Pointing Devices • Pen Based Computing • Speech Recognition • Optical Scanning • Magnetic Ink Character Recognition • Smart Cards • Digital Cameras

  8. First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Punched Cards Printed Reports and Documents Punched Cards Printed Reports and Documents Printed Reports and Documents Video Displays Video Displays Audio Responses Printed Reports and Documents Video Displays Voice Responses Hyperlinked Multimedia Documents Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally, Quickly, and Clearly Output Technology Trends

  9. Common Output Devices • Video Output • CRT • LCD • Printed Output • Inkjet • Laser

  10. Primary Storage First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Magnetic Drum Magnetic Core Magnetic Core LSI Semiconductor Memory Chips VLSI Semiconductor Memory Chips Trend:Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits Secondary Storage Magnetic Tape Magnetic Drum Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Optical Disk Magnetic Tape Optical Disk Magnetic Disk Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media Storage Trends

  11. Components of an Information System

  12. Computer Software System Software Application Software General- Purpose Programs Application- Specific Programs System Management Programs System Development Programs Categories of Computer Software

  13. First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled Application Packages for Productivity and Collaboration User-Written Programs Machine Languages Packaged Programs Symbolic Languages Operating Systems High-Level Languages DBMS Fourth-Generation Languages Microcomputer Packages Natural & Object-Oriented Languages Multipurpose Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted Packages Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages and Tools Trends in Computer Software

  14. Common General- Purpose Applications • Electronic Mail • Word Processing • Presentation Graphics • Multimedia • Personal Information Manager • Groupware

  15. Database Development Database Interrogation Primary Tasks of Database Management Packages Application Development Database Maintenance Database Management Packages

  16. Video Capture Card Authoring Language Key Technologies of Multimedia Storyboard Compact Disk Interactive Sound Board Compressed Audio MIDI Computer Edit System Interactive Video Digital Audio Digital Video Interactive Multimedia Technologies

  17. Accounting and Financial Management Supply Chain Management Customer Relationship Management Business Decision Support Enterprise Resource Planning Human Resource Management Business Enterprise Application Software

  18. User Interface Resource Management Task Management File Management Utilities and Other Functions Functions of an Operating System

  19. Compiler • Interpreter • Assembler 1001101 1110101 0010110 IF A := B THEN Language Translator Program Source Program Language Translation Process Written in BASIC, COBOL, etc. Machine Language Object Program Programming Language Translation

  20. McGraw-Hill Video / 2002 Updates • Using Data Bases to Predict Market Behavior: Logical Information Machines ( 10:18 )

  21. Personnel Database Benefits File Payroll File Employee Record 1 Employee Record 2 Employee Record 3 Employee Record 4 Name SS Salary Name SS Salary Name SS Salary Name SS Salary Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Logical Data Elements

  22. Operating System Database Management System Application Programs Database Management Databases • Database Development • Database Interrogation • Database Maintenance • Application Development Data Dictionary Database Management Systems

  23. External Databases on the Internet & Online Services Network Server Client PC or NC Distributed Databases on Intranets & Other Networks Operational Databases of the Organization End User Databases Data Warehouse Data Mart Major Types of Databases

  24. Operational Databases Analytical Data Store Enterprise Warehouse Data Mart Data Management Subsystem Client PC or NC Data Acquisition Subsystem Data Access and Delivery Subsystem Metadata Directory Metadata Management Subsystem Warehouse Design Subsystem Metadata Repository Web Information System Data Warehouse and Data Mining

  25. Network Server The Internet Intranets Extranets Web Server Software Web Browser Web Objects HTML pages GIF image files Video files Client PCs or NCs Web-Based Systems

  26. Data Administration Data Planning Database Administration Data Resource Management

  27. Network Structure Hierarchical Structure Dept A Dept Dept B Employee 2 Employee 3 Employee 1 Project A Project B Employee 2 Project B Project A Employee 1 Relational Structure Dept Dname Dloc Dmgr Empno Ename Etitle Dept A 1 A B 2 B C 3 C Database Structures

  28. Bank Account Object • Attributes • Customer • Balance • Operations • Deposit • Withdraw Denver West Feb Actual Budget Checking Account Object Savings Account Object East Sales TV • Attributes • Credit Line • Mthly Statement • Operations • Calculate Interest • Print Mthly • Statement • Attributes • Credit Line • Mthly Statement • Operations • Calculate Interest • Print Mthly • Statement VCR TV Margin VCR Multidimensional Database Structure Object-Oriented Database Structure Database Structures (cont)

  29. Key Transformation Sequential Organization Key Fields URLs Sequential Access Indexed Sequential Access Method Direct Access Accessing Files and Databases

  30. 1. Data Planning Physical Models Enterprise Model 5. Physical Design 2. Requirements Specifications Logical Models User Needs Description 4. Logical Design 3. Conceptual Design Data Models Database Development

  31. McGraw-Hill Video / 2002 Updates • Emerging technologies: AT&T and the future in telecommunications ( 13:04 )

  32. More vendors, carriers, alliances, and network services, accelerated by deregulation & Internet growth Industry Trends Extensive Internet, interconnected local & global digital networks, improved transmission channels Technology Trends More electronic commerce, enterprise collaboration, online business operations and strategic advantage in markets Application Trends Trends in Telecommunications

  33. Overcome Geographic Barriers: Capture information about business transactions from remote locations. Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote locations immediately after it is requested. Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional means of communications. Overcome Structural Barriers: Support linkages for competitive advantage. Telecommunications Strategic Capabilities

  34. Increase Customer Loyalty & Retention Deriving Business Value from e-Commerce Applications Reduce the Cost of Doing Business Develop New Web-based Products Generate New Revenue Sources Develop New Markets & Channels Attract New Customers Business Value from e-Commerce Applications

  35. Telecommunications Processors 4 1 Telecommunications Software 3 2 5 2 PCs, NCs, and Other Terminals Telecommunications Channels and Media Computers Basic Components in a Telecommunications Network

  36. Wide Area Networks

  37. Shared Database and Software Packages PC PC PC Network Server Shared Printer PC PC Internetwork Processor to Other Networks Local Area Networks

  38. Host Systems/ Superservers Servers Client Systems Client Server Networking

  39. Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Fiber Optics Terrestrial Microwave Communication Satellites Cellular Technologies Wireless LAN Telecommunications Communication Media

  40. Modems Multiplexers Internetwork Processors Switches Routers Hubs Gateways Fire walls Network Operating System Telecommunications Monitor Middleware Network Management Software Telecommunications Processors and Software

  41. Network Topologies

  42. Application Layer Application or Process Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer OSI Model Host-to-Host Transport Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Internet Protocol (IP) Data Link Layer Network Interface Physical Layer Physical Layer The Internet’s TCP/IPTransmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

  43. Protocol • A set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a communications network

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