R aising the P articipation A ge

1. Raising the Participation Age

2. What is it? • Raising the Participation Age (RPA) means that young people will be required to participate in education or training: • to the end of the academic year in which they are aged 17, from 2013 (current year 11 pupils) • until their 18th birthday, by 2015 (current year 9 pupils) • RPA does not apply if a young person has already attained a level 3 qualification (e.g. 3 ‘A’ levels) • The legislation: Education and Skills Act 2008… P.S: It’s legislation without mandating

3. What does it mean? • RPA is NOT raising the school leaving age, young people will be able to choose how they participate: • Full-time study: school sixth form; further education or sixth form college; foundation learning with a training provider • Employment with part-time training: Apprenticeship; Pre-Apprenticeship; employed, self-employed or volunteering for 20 hours or more a week

4. Why RPA? By the age of 21, young people who were not participating at 16-17 are more likely to face Unemployment/Under-employment Lower income Criminal record Poor health and depression NEET aged 16-18 Source: Jenkins et. Al. Returns to Qualifications in England (2007)

5. Why RPA? By contrast, if young people participate and attain at this age, they see the benefits throughout their lives Getting two or more A levels leads to men earning £80,000 and women £110,000 more over the course of their lifetime than someone whose highest attainment is 5 or more GCSEs A*-C People with five or more GCSEs at A* - C earn, on average, 9-11% more than those without Getting a level 3 Apprenticeship increases earnings by an estimated £105,000 and a level 2 Apprenticeship by £73,000

6. What it means for local authorities • Local authorities will be required to: • Promote the effective participation in education or training of all 16 and 17 year olds resident in their area • Make arrangements to identify young people resident in their area who are not participating

7. The opportunities

8. Participation December 2012 data (DfE, May 2013)

9. Diversification of participation

10. Participation and achievement ‘Cross-over’ point between C and D grades

11. Level 3 at 19 by qualification type (national) Source: Level 2 and 3 attainment by young people in England, SFR 5/2012, DfE

12. The challenges

13. NEET CCIS, March 2013 • London NEET consistently below the national average, but volume persistently around the 10,000 mark

14. NEET characteristics (London) • Teenage mothers: • 31% EET and 20% ‘not known’ compared to overall 87% and 9% • Learners with a learning difficulty or disability: • 8.1% NEET compared to overall 4.5% • 15.6% ‘not known’ compared overall 9.0% • Care leavers: • 59% EET and 21% ‘not known’ compared to overall 87% and 9% • Ethnicity: • NEET % varies across different groups, but young people from ‘mixed race – white and black Caribbean’ backgrounds are much more likely to become NEET (7.9%) CCIS, March 2013 16-18 age group

15. London’s most vulnerable Source: The educational and occupational experiences of London’s youth, Duckworth, IOE 2012

16. High student mobility

17. Participation and employment 20.5% (just under 1 million young people aged 16-24) are unemployed in the UK An even higher rate of unemployment for London – 21.8% (102,089 young people) London is highly competitive with 5.2 million working age living in the city and an international workforce London employers are less likely to recruit a school or college leaver than rest of the UK

18. So what…..?

19. If we do nothing… • Each young person aged 16 to 18 and NEET is estimated to cost the economy £56,000 over the course of their lifetime • Estimated public finance costs (benefits, reduced tax yields) of 16 to18 NEET range from £12bn to £32bn • Estimated resource costs (unemployment, under achievement) of 16 to18 NEET range from £22bn to a staggering £77bn

20. More than participation Participation Attainment Progression