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Clogged Pipes – Hard Water

H 2 O + CO 2 H 2 CO 3. H 2 CO 3 + CaCO 3 Ca(HCO 3 ) 2. H 2 CO 3 + MgCO 3 Mg(HCO 3 ) 2. Water softener. Clogged Pipes – Hard Water. Step 1: Acid rain is formed. carbonic acid. Step 2: Acid rain dissolves limestone.

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Clogged Pipes – Hard Water

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  1. H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H2CO3 + CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 H2CO3 + MgCO3 Mg(HCO3)2 Water softener Clogged Pipes – Hard Water Step 1: Acid rain is formed carbonic acid Step 2: Acid rain dissolves limestone limestone ‘hard’ water

  2. Pipes develop Scales Step 3: Hard water is heated and deposits scales Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3(s) + H2O + CO2 Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3(s) + H2O + CO2 D scales on pipes D 1 gram = 1/7000th pound 300 gallons / day with 10 grain water supply

  3. No More Hard Water Scale No More Ugly Hard Water Spotting Protects Plumbing and Appliances Saves Money on Cleaning Products

  4. Water Purification Cation Exchanger Anion Exchanger Deionized Water Hard Water H+ OH- H+ OH- H+ Mg2+ OH- Na+ H+ (b) (c) (a) OH- OH- Fe3+ H+ Ca2+ H+ OH- H+ OH- H+ OH- Hard water is softened by exchanging Na+ for Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+. • The cations in hard water are exchanged for H+. • The anions in hard water are exchanged for OH-. • The H+ and OH- combine to give H2O. Corwin, Introductory Chemistry2005, page 361

  5. Which ions are removed from hard water to produce soft water? Na+(aq) + H (resin) Na (resin) + H+(aq) Cl-(aq) + (resin) OH (resin) Cl + OH-(aq) Notice that the ion exchange resin produces both hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions which can readily combine to give water. H+(aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (aq) The net result is that the resin removes all ions from water passing through the deionizing system. Hard water is softened by exchanging Na+ for Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+. Corwin, Introductory Chemistry2005, page 361

  6. Calcium (Ca2+) and Magnesium (Mg2+) Ions in Untreated Water Sodium (Na1+) Ions on beads Calcium (Ca2+) and Magnesium (Mg2+) Ions on beads Sodium (Na1+) Ions in Treated Water

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