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INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILDREN Dr. Albano

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILDREN. Why children who are raised in the

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INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILDREN Dr. Albano

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    1. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILDREN Dr. Albano Martin Maldonado MD

    2. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILDREN Why children who are raised in the “same” family turn out so different? What factors shape the personality, preferences, aptitudes, inclinations of the child? How do “innate traits” interact with interpersonal and environmental factors?

    3. Birth Order? Older child might be more controlling, orderly and in need of having things organized? Youngest child might be more dependent and “whining”? Middle child, “sandwich”, etc. No empirical evidence for this, but it may be a factor

    4. Factors influencing child’s development and character I INNATE PREDISPOSITIONS GENETIC FACTORS, INHERITANCE Evidence of genetic influence for intelligence, personality traits, and a number of disturbances. Eg anxiety disorders, dissocial behavior, Problems in relating and communicating, learning difficulties, attention deficit, etc.

    5. Factors influencing… I. INNATE…. TEMPERAMENT Evidence of clustering according to: Interest in novelty, new stimuli Approach to new things, vs. cautiousness Rhythmicity in physiology Intensity of responses Reactions to frustration, etc. Temperament is not so stable…

    6. Factors influencing… The “physiology” and functioning of the child… EG. SENSORY INTEGRATION FUNCTIONING How does the child react to stimuli? (external and internal) How does the child process in the CNS? How does the child organize a response?

    7. Factors influencing…. Modularity of the mind… Modules function with some autonomy re; mathematical ability, language processing, visual processing, management of auditory input, musical ability, etc. “Multiple intelligences”

    8. Talents and challenges Eg. Graphic representation, artistic talent, different from language processing and organizational skills. Discrepancies in functioning, e.g. “auditory learning” vs “visual learning” “hands on child” vs. an intellectual, etc.

    9. Resilience in the child Attitude, sense of humor, attractiveness Openness toward other people Ability to engage other people Cognitive style, intelligence Ability to elicit help and to be involved with others Reaction to adverse experiences.

    10. Factors influencing development II. EXPERIENTIAL FACTORS. EG. CHILD REARING STYLE . What characteristics are desirable in a child? What do we want for our children? What characteristics are fostered and discouraged?

    11. Child rearing styles Largely influenced by cultural themes Largely influenced by individual experiences as a child Child rearing techniques are not “scientific” They are based on preferences and values, e.g. independence, autonomy, assertiveness, sleeping arrangements, discipline, etc.

    12. Transgenerational myths and factors Fantasmatic interactions Transgenerational transmission of myths and “ghosts” Perceptions and reactions are heavily influenced by one’s own experiences and relationships (Most parents who have been maltreated do not abuse their children)

    13. Factors Influencing…FIT BETWEEN PARENT AND CHILD Characteristics of the child vis a vis characteristics of the parent; How do they match? Or mismatch? Does the child do something the parent likes? Does child do something parent dislikes?

    14. Mutual influences bi-directional effects Child influences the parent Effect of child on parent Child brings about some characteristics of environment Parent influences child Effect of parent on the child Parent brings about some characteristics in the child.

    15. Cultural and socioeconomical factors Particular features of the environmnent influence child rearing style Eg. Poverty. More likely to use coercive methods, more likely to use physical punishments, more stressful events. Chains of adversities are more likely

    16. Socioeconomical factors Quality of child care Quality of parent’s education Interest in language , narratives Knowledge of the emotional life of the child, etc. How busy are parents with work, duties,etc?

    17. Cultural factors What is an ideal child? Should children be independent? Should children be obedient, dependent? Shy children, are they in need of help? ( particularly if girls) How do parents reinforce or discourage characteristics

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