The real voyage is not to travel to new landscapes, but to see with new eyes. . . Marcel Prous

1. cosmic The real voyage is not to travel to new landscapes, but to see with new eyes. . .Marcel Proust francis halzen university of wisconsin http://icecube.wisc.edu rays 2007

2. energy (eV) / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / n CMB Radio Visible TeV sources! flux cosmic rays GeV g-rays

3. astronomy without light

4. multi-messenger astronomy protons, g-rays, neutrinos, gravitational waves as probes of the high-energy Universe protons: directions scrambled by magnetic fields  g-rays: straight-line propagation but • reprocessed in the sources, extragalactic • backgrounds absorbEg> TeV  neutrinos: straight-line propagation, • unabsorbed, but difficult to detect 

5. protons ? TeV gammas ? neutrinos ? Crab supernova remnant

6. New Window on the Universe Expect Surprises

7. also particle physics … later

8. progress through instrumentation • Auger • HESS, Magic, Veritas, Milagro … • IceCube and KM3NeT

9. the atmosphere as a particle detector Cherenkov light shower electrons and muons neutrinos

10. combine two succesful techniques • fluorescence eye with • active photodetectors • (HiRes) • ground array of particle detectors • (AGASA)

12. Mirror and Camera

13. progress through instrumentation • Auger • HESS, Magic, Veritas, Milagro … • IceCube and KM3NeT

14. high-energy gamma-rays TeV gamma ray astronomy • a cosmic photon • initiates an • electromagnetic • shower high in • the atmosphere • the shower • particles emit • Cherenkov • radiation • this radiation is • captured by • mirrors read out • by a cluster of • photomultipliers effective area: 104m2  8 km Cherenkov light 120 m

15. progress through instrumentation • Auger • HESS, Magic, Veritas, Milagro … • IceCube and KM3NeT

16. detector neutrino travels through the earth

17. Photomultiplier Tube

18. detector neutrino travels through the earth

19. infrequently, a cosmic neutrino crashes into an atom in the ice and produces a nuclear reaction muon nuclearreaction detector neutrino travels through the earth

20. infrequently, a cosmic neutrino crashes into an atom in the ice and produces a nuclear reaction • infrequently, a cosmic neutrino crashes into an atom in the ice and produces a nuclear reaction • muon travels kilometers in the ice muon nuclearreaction detector neutrino travels through the earth

21. infrequently, a cosmic neutrino crashes into an atom in the ice and produces a nuclear reaction • infrequently, a cosmic neutrino crashes into an atom in the ice and produces a nuclear reaction • muon travels kilometers in the ice muon nuclearreaction detector • blue light produced in nuclear reaction neutrino • optical sensors capture (and map) the light

23. photomultiplier starts its journey to 2500 m the IceCube project transforms a billion tons of ice into a particle physics detector

25. new South Pole station

26. IceCube construction • 1 million pounds of cargo • C-130 planes: > 50 flights

27. IceCube Site 5 megawatt power plant

28. one of 21 drill modules arrive in antarctica

29. cosmic rays : the grand tour

30. cosmic rays • Nature accelerates particles 10 7 times the energy of LHC! • where? • how? ~E-2.7 knee 1 part m-2 yr-1 ~E-3 ankle 1 part km-2 yr-1 ~E-2.7 LHC

31. cosmic rays interact with the microwave background

32. yes, there is a GZK feature

33. Auger: the sources revealed

34. solar flare shock acceleration coronal mass ejection  10 GeV particles

35. acceleration to108 TeV? ~102 Joules ~ 0.01 MGUT • dense regions with exceptional • gravitational force creating relativistic • flows of charged particles, e.g. • dense cores of exploding stars • supermassive black holes • merging galaxies

36. Hillas formula : it is not possible

37. Rotationsakse pulsar Straling Magnetfelt Straling

38. active galaxy supermassive supermassive black hole black hole • accretion disk jet •

39. Georges Lemaitre believed that cosmic rays where primordial radiation from the Big Bang

40. galactic cosmic raysenergy density ~ 10-12 erg/cm3

41. young supernova remnants • when a star collapses one solar mass of energy is released, mostly in neutrinos • the remaining 1% is dumped into the interstellar medium • the expanding shock sweeps up particles like a snowplough and creates regions of high particle densities and magnetic fields where 10% of the energy is converted into the acceleration of cosmic rays

42. Cas A supernova remnant in X-rays shock fronts Fermi acceleration when particles cross high B-fields

43. large magnetic field

44. Cosmic Rays & SNRs observed energy density of galactic CR: ~ 10-12 erg/cm3 galactic Supernova Remnants: 1050 ergs every 30 years ~10-12 erg/cm3 SNRs provide the environment and energy to explain the galactic cosmic rays!

45. extragalactic cosmic raysenergy density ~ 3 x 10-19 erg/cm3

46. Extragalactic Cosmic Rays & GRBs observed energy density of extragalactic CR: ~ 1044 ergs/yr/Mpc3 Gamma-Ray Bursts: 1051 ergs x 300/yr/Gpc3 ~ 1044 ergs/yr/Mpc3 GRBs provide environment and energy to explain the extragalactic cosmic rays!

47. Cosmic Rays & SNRs observed energy density of galactic CR: ~ 10-12 erg/cm3 galactic Supernova Remnants: 1050 ergs every 30 years ~10-12 erg/cm3 SNRs provide the environment and energy to explain the galactic cosmic rays!

48.  energy in extra-galactic cosmic rays :~ 3x10-19 erg/cm3or ~ 1044 erg/yr per (Mpc)3 for 1010 years 3x1044 erg/s per active galaxy !!! 2x1051 erg per gamma ray burst  energy in cosmic rays ~ equal to the energy in light ! 1 TeV = 1.6 erg

49. Neutrino Beams: Heaven & Earth NEUTRINO BEAMS: HEAVEN & EARTH Black Hole Radiation Enveloping Black Hole p + g -> n + p+ ~ cosmic ray + neutrino ->p + p0 ~ cosmic ray + gamma

50.  energy in extra-galactic cosmic rays :~ 3x10-19 erg/cm3or ~ 1044 erg/yr per (Mpc)3 for 1010 years 3x1044 erg/s per active galaxy 2x1052 erg per gamma ray burst  energy in cosmic rays ~ photons ~ neutrinos