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Worlds Collide: Europe, Africa, and America, 1450-1620

Worlds Collide: Europe, Africa, and America, 1450-1620. AP U.S. History: Chapter 1 Overview. Guess the populations of these places in 1500:. Paris London British Isles France North America Central America.

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Worlds Collide: Europe, Africa, and America, 1450-1620

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  1. Worlds Collide: Europe, Africa, and America, 1450-1620 AP U.S. History: Chapter 1 Overview

  2. Guess the populations of these places in 1500: • Paris • London • British Isles • France • North America • Central America

  3. Las Casas (1542): “it looked as if God has placed all of or the greater part of the entire human race in these countries.” • Sebastián Vizicaíno (1602): “I have trembled more than eight hundred leagues along the coast and kept a record of all the people I encountered. The coast is populated by an endless number of Indians.”

  4. New England colonist (1630s): “And the bones and skulls upon the several places of their habitations made such a spectacle” that the Massachusetts woodlands “heavily urbanized populations were wiped out.”

  5. What questions should we be asking in response to these passages?

  6. Where we’re going • Native American Societies • Europe and Africa Enter the Scene, 1450-1550 • Spanish Exploration and Conquest • The Protestant Reformation and Rise of England • Social Causes of English Colonization

  7. Native American Societies:We’re comin’ to America (sort of) • 20,000 years ago when last Ice Age created 100-mile land bridge over Bering Strait

  8. What 3 things first come to mind when you think of Native Americans?

  9. Towa people trade with Apaches (Pecos, NM today)

  10. Artist’s conception of a Cahokian market • Cahokia, near St. Louis Downtown Cahokia

  11. Native American Societies • Complex and large • Central America: 90-112 million • N. America: 7 million • Advanced farming-plant domestication • Trade networks with neighbors • Ag surplus population growth, class specialization, city-state formation • Pyramids and temples

  12. Elite class of nobles and priests ruled through descent from sun god, waged war against neighboring chiefdoms, patronized skilled artists • Large populations overburdened environment (depleted food supply, caused disease) • Economic crises lead to migration

  13. Gender • Division of labor: males hunt or fight; females maintain village life • Many tribes matrilineal (tribal rights/responsibilities and social station determined by bloodline of mother)

  14. Despite technological and social developments… • Lacked full-scale defense system • Large geographical distances between tribes • Frequent internal wars • Distinct cultural and linguistic differences

  15. European Agricultural Society • 90% of population peasants • Cooperative farming and exploitation by landlords • Seasonal patterns of birth and death • High mortality rates: hunger, disease, violence • Significance?

  16. Hierarchy and Authority • Rule from above • Noblemen challenge royal authority (French parlements and English House of Lords) • Males rule women and children • Social order and security • Promigeniture

  17. Power of Religion • Catholic Church • Crusades 1096-1291: Muslims and pagans (polytheists)

  18. The Renaissance Changes Europe, 1300-1500 • “Rebirth” of learning, economic development, and cultural life • Civic humanism: public virtue and service to the state—created by ruling class of moneyed elite… coming to America • Machiavelli’s The Prince: alliance of monarchs, merchants, and royal bureaucrats • How could this alliance be mutually beneficial?

  19. Mercantilism • An economic policy that encourages domestic manufacturing and foreign trade • Monarchs allow merchants to trade and grant privileges to gilds (merchants  ) • Monarchs extract taxes from towns and loans from merchants (monarchs  )… • to support their armies and officials (bureaucrats  ) Sig???

  20. German cartographer • Date?

  21. Europeans Explore America • Which European country first dominated the exploration and colonization of the New World?

  22. King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabel of Castile • Married to unify their Christian kingdoms • Finished the reconquista: in 1492 captured the last Islamic state in Western Europe and… • Provided financial backing for Christopher Columbus to find a western route to Asia and bring Christianity

  23. A “New” World • “America” after Amerigo Vespucci—decided land was not Asia but a “nuevomundo”

  24. The Spanish Conquest • Ruled people of the Indies with an iron hand • Rumors of rich Indian kingdoms in the interior • 1519 Hernan Corteslaunched invasion and conquest of the Aztec Empire

  25. Why Spain victorious? • Luck (e.g. Moctezuma) • Indian allies • Superb negotiation skills • Superior military tech. • Internal divisions • Female native interpreter • Disease • Smallpox ruins Tenochtitlan, so Cortes takes the city… measles, influenza, smallpox

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