1945-1990

2. 1945-1990

3. The strategic and political struggle that developed after WWII between the United States and it’s Western European allies and the Soviet Union and Eastern European allies, that spread throughout the world-Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America

4. THE TALE OF THE TAPE:

5. CHARACTERISTICS: • Democracy VS Communism • Capitalism VS communism • It was a struggle that contained everything short of war. • Each side denied the others right to exist. • Each side used propaganda against the other.

6. Cold War Historiography Cold War Historiography • 1. Orthodoxy – The Soviet Union is responsible: Soviet Insecurity drove them to confront the United States. There was nothing the US could have done. The Ideological perspective here is that Communism is a danger/aggressive.

7. 2. Revisionism – The United States is responsible: United States needs to have markets and resources to feed its economy. The Soviet Union impeded these goals and therefore had to be confronted. Economic Issues drive US policy. The Ideological perspective here is that Capitalism is the danger/aggressor.

8. 3. Post-Revisionism – There is truth in both arguments. The Soviet Union under Stalin was paranoid and difficult to deal with. The United States was driven in large part by the fear of another depression. Other issues played a serious role in the origins of the Cold War: Domestic Policy, Security, Allies, and perceptions. The Ideological perspective here is that all post-revisionist do not agree. Ideology still drives their views regarding the degree of responsibility each side has.

9. Post-Revisionism • (Specific Issues /Historians) • Melvyn Leffler – The Security Dilemma • Neither the Americans nor the Soviets sought to harm the other in 1945. But each side, in pursuit of its security interests, took steps to arouse the other’s apprehensions.

10. VladislavZubok & Constantine Pleshakov – The Revolutionary-Imperial paradigm •  Marxism was a utopian teaching, but since it proclaimed that the goal of the material transformation of the world was to be realized in a violent confrontation with its opponents, Communist proselytes developed a whole set of highly effective political institutions. Utopian ideals gave way to ruthless and cynical interpretation of the realpolitik tradition.

11. GeirLundestad – Empire by Invitation/Integration vs. Empire by Force • (1)The United States established an Empire in Europe by Invitation/Integration (contrasted to its Asian/Latin American spheres of influence) • (2)The Soviet Union established an Empire in Europe by Force (contrasted to its Asian/Latin American spheres of influence)

12. THE ROOTS 0F: World War II and the Diplomacy of the Grand Alliance Three Visions of the World • Franklin Roosevelt – President of the United States • World View - Collective Security / Internationalism (Economic Integration) - The Four Policeman (United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union, China) • Danger to the World Order – Economic Collapse, The Depression again & Separate Peace

13. Winston Churchill • 1) World View - Balance of Power • Churchill wanted to reconstruct the traditional balance of power in Europe. This meant rebuilding Great Britain, France, and even defeated Germany so that, along with the United States, these countries could counter balance the Soviet colossus to the east. • 2) Danger to the World Order – American Return to Isolation, England Alone & Separate Peace

14. Joseph Stalin • 1) World View – Power Politics • Stalin’s approach reflected both his communist ideology and traditional Russian foreign policy. He strove to cash in on his country’s victory by extending Russian influence into Central Europe. And he intended to turn the countries he conquered by soviet armies into buffer zones to protect Russia against future German aggression. • 2) Danger to the World Order – Germany and Everything (he is paranoid) • a)Stalin's Paranoia • b)The Role of Intelligence

15. The Origins of Conflict • (A Geopolitical or Ideological Struggle?) • 1. Roosevelt's approach to the Grand Alliance - The unwillingness to negotiate any part of a post-war settlement • I)The War Effort • II)Self-Determination • III)The fear of a separate peace

16. 2. The Clash of Systems / Post-War Visions • The Soviet Vision • The US Vision • The British Vision

17. 3. The Death of Roosevelt April 12, 1945 & The Change in Leadership • The Transition to Truman • The Rise of James F. Byrnes Roosevelt’s death catapulted Byrnes to the forefront of American diplomacy. Since Truman depended on him for a correct interpretation of Yalta, Byrnes’ mistaken understanding of the provisions regarding Poland and the Declaration of Liberated Europe initially contributed to the President’s erroneous impression that the Soviets were violating the meaning of Yalta. • The Result - The Significance of the April 23rd Meeting between Truman and Molotov - From Cooperation to Carrot and Stick

18. 4. Adherence to Agreements As both Moscow and Washington were prone to see the costs of compliance greatly outweighing the benefits, they began to take tentative steps to jettison or reinterpret key provisions of wartime accords. Each such step magnified the suspicions of the potential adversary and encouraged reciprocal actions. Before long, wartime cooperation was forgotten, the Cold War was under way, and a new arms race was imminent. Neither side was innocent of responsibility

19. 5. The Atomic Bomb • The bomb as a merely probable weapon had seemed a weak reed on which to rely, but the bomb as a colossal reality was very different (Henry L. Stimson, Sec. Of War, Roosevelt Admin.) • i) The assumption of use • ii) The Effect on Relations – The Opposite Effect • The Hiroshima Bomb • Those who conducted diplomacy became more confident, more certain that through the accomplishments of American science, technology, and industry the "new world" could be made into one better than the old.

20. 1949:USSR DETONATES FIRST A-BOMB

21. MASSIVE RETALIATION AND MUTUAL DETERRANCE

25. The Declaration of Cold War • The Ideological Confrontation

26. George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENTGoals Means Actual Application • Restorationof the balance of power Encouragement of self-confidence in nations threatened by Soviet expansion. Long-term program of U.S. economic assistance [Marshall Plan] Exploitation of tensions in international communism. Cooperation with communist regimes; [supporting Titoism in Yugoslavia] • Reduction of Soviet ability to project outside power.

27. George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENTGoals Means Actual Application • Modification of the Soviet concept of international relations. Negotiating settlement of outstanding differences. Using “carrots & sticks’; containing Germany with an embrace and Russia at arms length.

28. THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE: March 12, 1947 America promised it would support free countries which were fighting communism. America Declares Cold War – LaFeber’s Thesis The Truman Doctrine was milestone in American history for at least four reasons.

29. THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE: March 12, 1947 sFirst, it marked the point at which Truman used the American fear of communism both at home and abroad to convince Americans they must embark upon a Cold War foreign policy. Second, Congress was giving the President great powers to wage this Cold War as he saw fit. Third, for the first time in the postwar era, Americans massively intervened in another nation's civil war. Intervention was justified on the basis of anticommunism.

30. Finally, and perhaps most important, Truman used the doctrine to justify a gigantic aid program to prevent the collapse of the European and American economies.

31. (officially the European Recovery Program) THE MARSHALL PLAN

32. In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced the Marshall Plan. • This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from the damage caused by the war. • There were two motives for this: • Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markets for American goods, so benefiting American industry. • A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism. This was probably the main motive.

34. THE COLD WAR’S FOUR STAGES

35. 1.COLD WAR 1 1949-1953 (Stalin’s Death)

36. THE BERLIN CRISIS: (June 1948-May 1949)

38. In 1948, the three western controlled zones of were united, and grew in prosperity due to Marshal Aid. • The west wanted the east to rejoin, but Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security. • In June 1948, Stalin decided to try to gain control of W. Berlin which was deep inside the eastern sector.

39. He cut road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission. • The west responded by airlifting in the necessary supplies to allow W. Berlin to survive. • In May 1949, Russia admitted defeat and lifted the blockade.

41. EAST GERMANY WEST GERMANY

42. NATO A military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium,and the organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, famously stated the organization's goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down“ In 1954, the Soviet Union suggested that it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe.[ The NATO countries, fearing that the Soviet Union's motive was to weaken the alliance, ultimately rejected this proposal

43. When West Germany joined NATO in 1955, the Soviet Union countered by creating its own alliance system in eastern Europe– the Warsaw Pact (1955)

45. FALL OF CHINA RISE

46. End of Dynastic China • 2 thousand years • Hierarchical • Manchu Dynasty - 1644 • Isolation • Britain defeated China; forced it to open trade and exempt British citizens from Chinese laws • Manchu gov’t defeated by & gave in to similar demands from other European countries and the U.S. • China virtually becomes a colony

47. Warlord Period • Sun Yat-sen • longtime critic of Manchus • influenced by Western ideas • wanted modern, democratic government

48. Warlord Period • 1911 soldiers rebelled against the Manchu Dynasty • Sun Yat-sen failed to create a western-style democracy in China • Instead, resulted in period of disorder with warlords (military generals) fighting to control various provinces in China

49. Civil War General Chiang Kai-shek, leader of Nationalist Party, established himself president, but civil war continued Communist Revolution

50. Communist Revolution • Mao Zedong gets power • wins support of peasants by collecting land from landlords and redistributing it to poor peasants • Mao leads Long March – 90,000 communist supporters over thousands of miles. 6,000 marchers survived