The Roaring Twenties

1. The Roaring Twenties

2. 1920’s • Decade of prosperity, fun and wild living • Era of the “Jazz Age” • New fashion • New music • New Art • New Fads http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJSdk44gWIE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceUJy04rfAw

3. Fashion: 1920’s Flapper • a "new breed" of young women • Short skirts, bobbed their hair • Disliked “acceptable behavior” • Engaged in drinking & smoking • Treated sex in a casual manner • Questioned the “traditional”role of women http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pwG-kRi0-Y&feature=related

4. Art Deco • popular international design movement • affecting architecture, interior design, fashion, painting, the graphic arts, and film • Combination of many styles of the 20th C • purely decorative • At the time, this style was seen as elegant, functional, and modern

5. 1920s Fads – Dances • “The Charleston” • The “Foxtrot” Foxtrot - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyOWM6S1ITA Charleston - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJC21zzkwoE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Myq6hg2gcWw&feature=related

6. Literature • “The Great Gatsby” • Popular book in 1920s • Canadian novelist Mazo de la Roche published a very popular series, “Jalna”

7. Fads - Movies • Mary Pickford – Canadian actress who achieved movie-star status

8. Canadian Invention - Insulin • Insulin – as treatment for diabetes • Dr. Fredrick Banting discovered working at the University of Toronto

9. 1st Flight across Atlantic • May, 1927 - Charles Lindberg flew the 1st non-stop solo trans-Atlantic flight from NY to Paris in 33 ½ hours

10. 1920s “A Decade of Adjustment” • The country moved towards isolationism and greater autonomy from Britain • Economy diversified and became more dependent on American investment • Labour, women and aborignial people struggled for legal, social and economic equality • Popular culture became more “Americanized” and the literary and visual arts experienced a renaissance

11. Growth of Regionalism • Regionalism: concern of various different regions of the country with their own local problems • Maritimes population is a small region therefore they had fewer seats in parliament • Oil replaced coal, yet Maritimes had coal • Maritimes Rights Movement formed

12. Federalism/Regionalism (cont.) • There were also regional challenges from Prairies and Ontario • Farmers angered by National Policy because tariffs/duties placed on foreign goods imported into Canada • Farmers wanted free trade, abolish tariffs and allow them to buy cheap machinery • 1919 federal Thomas Crerar created the Progessive Party • Wanted a new National Party based on free trade and ownership of railways Thomas Crerar

13. 1921 Election • MacKenzie King – leader of Liberal party • Believed in the middle path • Arthur Meighen – leader of the Conservatives • Believed in principles over compromise; didn’t care if he offended anyone • Liberals elected 117 seats; Conservatives 55 seats; Progressives 64 seats Mackenzie King Meighen

14. 1921 Election • Liberals were a minority government • Progressive Party did not last very long • 1926 – King challenged by the Progressives to set up Old Age Pensions Act • Act was passed in 1927: $240/yr

15. Growing Independence From Britain • 1922: King refused to support Britain when they invaded the Turkish Empire • 1923: King insisted Canada be allowed to sign an international treaty known as the Halibut Treaty without British representative’s signature • 1926: King challenged Britain over its influence on Canada’s internal politics known as King- Byng Crisis • 1926: Participated in Balfour Report

16. King 1926 - King-Byng Crisis • 1925 – minority government Liberals formed with support of 28 Progressive Party members; • Without the Progressives, Liberals only had 101 seats, Conservatives had 116 • Liberals lost Progressive Party support because of a liquor smuggling scandal • King’s ministers were protecting the individuals and even profiting off of the illegal liquor sales to the United States (prohibition was on in the USA at this time • Conservatives called for a motion of censure the Liberals and Liberal lost Byng

17. King- Byng – cont’ • King asked Byng to dissolve parliament to call another election; Byng refused and asked Meighen to form the government instead • Byng eventually forced to called an election after Meighen lost a confidence vote 3 months later • Sept 14, 1926, King won majority. Meighen

18. 1923 - Halibut Treaty • Treaty Agreement concerning closed season on Halibut fishing in the North Pacific • King wished to eliminate British representation from Canada’s treaty-making process • Canada signed the treaty on her own without any involvement from Britain – first time.

19. Chanak Crisis - 1922 • Turkish war in which British troops stationed in Chanak, a neutral zone near the Dardanelles, were threatened by Turkish nationalists • Britain appealed to Canadian people for aid in preventing Turkish occupation of Chanak • King said parliament must decide whether or not to send troops; did not go when asked; Canadians did not want to get involved • Pointed out need for greater Canadian control over foreign policy – First time Canada refused to come to Britain’s aid

20. Imperial Conference 1926 • Dominions of the British Empire requested autonomy & to define status of “Dominion” • Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa • Autonomy: the freedom to govern themselves • Resulted in Balfour Report – 1926

21. Balfour Report - 1926 • created new status for Dominion countries • clarified Governor General’s role in Dominions - now representative of the crown – not agent of British government • defined Dominions as autonomous communities – equal in status and not subordinate to Britain • recognized greater autonomy in domestic and external affairs • became law in 1931 when the Statute of Westminster was passed

22. Balfour Report (cont.) • Two Restrictions: 1. Canada’s constitution, the British North America Act, remained in Britain, because the Canadian federal and provincial governments could not agree on an amending formula • Amending Formula - Procedure for changing the Canadian Constitution 2. Judicial Court of Appeal (Judicial Committee of the Privy Council) for Canadians resided in Britain until 1949

23. Statute of Westminster - 1931 • made Balfour Report legal • officially recognized Dominions as members of the British Commonwealth, NOT colonies of the British Empire • Canada now able to conduct its own Foreign Affairs and Relations Signing of Statute of Westminster

24. Economic Boom • The 1920’s started in depression. • During the 1920’s the US started investing in Canada’s economy. • US Companies set up ‘branch plants’ such as auto plants, which operated here but for American business men. • US enriched Canada’s economy by extracting or harvesting raw materials (primary resources) • Materials were transported to US for processing and manufacturing (secondary resources)

25. Economic Boom (cont.) • With the increase in employment and economic prosperity few Canadians questioned the long term effects of American involvement. PM King & US President Roosevelt

26. Bootlegging Across the Border • The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) pushed prohibition into legislation in Canada and the US. • Prohibition: the sale, manufacture, and transportation (bootlegging) of alcohol was illegal. • By 1920, provincial governments in Canada were overturning the decision because of its unpopularity. • The US, however, enforced it until 1933. Canadians sold illegal alcohol over the border for about 10 years.

27. USA- Prohibition and Speakeasies • A speakeasy was an establishment that secretly sold alcoholic beverages in the USA during the Prohibition (1920-1933) • The term comes from a patron's manner of ordering alcohol without raising suspicion — a bartender would tell a patron to be quiet and "speak easy".

28. Prosperity = Urbanization & Luxuries • With the new booming economy Canadians were afforded more opportunities to enjoy the luxuries of life. • Telephone lines were becoming commonplace for all houses in cities. • Motorized vehicles were becoming affordable and popular.

29. Prosperity = Automobiles • The Custer car (right) was an early alternative fuel car and you can see from the pictures that it looked as if it came from Munchkin Land.

30. Professional Sports • Professional sports were also increasing in popularity