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FREQUANCY DISTRIBUTION

FREQUANCY DISTRIBUTION. 8, 24, 18, 5, 6, 12, 4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 23, 9, 18, 16, 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 13, 15, 9, 11, 11, 7, 10, 6, 5, 16, 20, 4, 3, 3, 3, 10, 3, 2, 1, 6, 9, 3, 7, 14, 8, 1, 4, 6, 4, 15, 22, 2, 1, 4, 7, 1, 12, 3, 23, 4, 19, 6, 2, 2, 4, 14, 2, 2, 21, 3, 2, 9, 3, 2, 1, 7, 19.

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FREQUANCY DISTRIBUTION

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  1. FREQUANCY DISTRIBUTION • 8, 24, 18, 5, 6, 12, 4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 23, 9, 18, 16, 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 13, 15, 9, 11, 11, 7, 10, 6, 5, 16, 20, 4, 3, 3, 3, 10, 3, 2, 1, 6, 9, 3, 7, 14, 8, 1, 4, 6, 4, 15, 22, 2, 1, 4, 7, 1, 12, 3, 23, 4, 19, 6, 2, 2, 4, 14, 2, 2, 21, 3, 2, 9, 3, 2, 1, 7, 19.

  2. FREQUANCY DISTRIBUTION

  3. GRAPHIC AND DIAGRAMATIC PRESENTATION • Useful method for presentation of data • Impact on imagination of people • Diagrams are better retained in mind of human. • More attractive, • Comparison of data

  4. BAR CHART

  5. COLUMN CHARTS

  6. BAR CHART

  7. MULTIPLE BAR CHART

  8. COMPONENT BAR CHART

  9. Frequency Polygon: • It is obtained by joining mid points of the histogram blocks

  10. FREQUENCY POLYGON

  11. FREQUENCY POLYGON

  12. HISTOGRAM

  13. Histogram • Consists of adjacent rectangles having bases along x-axis and areas proportional to the class frequencies

  14. HISTOGRAM

  15. HISTORIGRAM • It is a graph of time series • Arrangement of data by their time of occurrence • Time is marked on X-axis • Variable is marked on Y-axis

  16. HISTORIGRAM

  17. LINEAR DIAGRAM

  18. LINE DIAGRAM

  19. HISTOGRAM

  20. HISTOGRAM

  21. HISTOGRAM

  22. PIE CHART

  23. RELATION B/W AGE AND WEIGHT

  24. DIRECT RELATIONSHIP

  25. SCATTER DIAGRAM

  26. RELATIONSHIP OF AGE AND A DISEASE

  27. ANALYSIS OF DATA • When characteristic and frequency are both variable • Calculation are: • Averages • Percentiles • Standard deviation, • Standard error • Correlation and • Regression coefficients.

  28. NORMAL • Normal is not the mean or a central value but the accepted range of variation on either side of mean or average. • Normal BP is not the mean but is a range between 100and 140 (mean 120 ± 20). • Chances of even higher or lower are there.

  29. HISTOGRAM

  30. FREQUENCY CURVE • When no. of observations is very large and group interval is reduced, the frequency polygon tends to lose its angulations giving place to a smooth curve known as frequency curve. • This provides a continuous graph that is obtained in normal distribution of individuals in a large sample or of means in populations.

  31. Normal distribution

  32. Average • We can find a single value which will represent all the values of the distribution in a definite way. The value used for this purpose to represent the distribution is called average. Averages tends to lie in the center of a distribution, they are called measures of central tendency.

  33. It is difficult to learn anything by looking data which have not been properly arranged • When data is arranged into a frequency distribution the information contained in the data understood. • Features of data become clear when frequency distribution is represented by means of graph.

  34. MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY“AVERAGE” • What is the average or central value? • How are the values dispersed around this value? • Degree of scatter? • Is the distribution normal ( shape of distribution)

  35. AVERAGE • Average value of a characteristic is the one central value around which all other observations are dispersed. • 50% of observations lie above and • 50% of values lie below the central value. • It helps • To find most of normal observations lie close to central value • Few of the too large or too small values lie far away at ends • To find which group is better off by comparing the average of one group with that of other.

  36. AVERAGE • A term that describes the center of a series. • Average or measure of central position • Mean • Median • Mode

  37. Mean • Most commonly used average. It is the value obtained by dividing the sum of the values by their number i.e., summarizing up of all observations and dividing total by no. of observations

  38. MEAN • It implies arithmetic average or arithmetic mean which is obtained by summing up all the observations and dividing by the total number of observations.e.g. • ESRs of 7 patients are 7,5,4,6,4,5,9 • Mean =7+5+4+6+4+5+9 =40/7=5.71 7

  39. MEAN • Tuberculin reaction of 10 boys was measured. find the mean? 5, 3, 8, 7, 8, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 • Mean=8mm

  40. MEDIAN • When all observations are arranged in either ascending or descending order, the middle observation is called as median. i.e. mid value of series. • Median is a better indicator of central value when one or more of the lowest or highest observations are wide apart or not so evenly distributed.

  41. MEDIAN • 83, 75, 81, 79, 71, 95, 75, 77, 84, 79, 75, 71, 73, 91, 93. • 71, 71, 73, 75, 75, 75, 77, 79, 79, 81, 83, 84, 91, 93, 95. • Median = 79

  42. MODE • Most frequently occurring observation in a series I.e. the most common or most fashionable value. • 85, 75, 81, 79, 71, 95, 75, 77, 75, 90, 71, 75, 79, 95, 75, 77, 84, 75, 81, 75.

  43. MODE • Most frequently occurring observation in a series I.e. the most common or most fashionable value. • 85, 75, 81, 79, 71, 95, 75, 77, 75, 90, 71, 75, 79, 95, 75, 77, 84, 75, 81, 75. • Mode = 75.

  44. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION • Normal curve • Smooth, Bell shaped, bilaterally symmetrical curve • Total area is =1 • Mean is 0 • Standard deviation=1 • Mean, median, mode coincide. • Area between X±1 SD=68.3% • X±2SD=95.5% • X±3SD=99.9%

  45. Normal distribution

  46. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

  47. POSITIVELY SKEWED

  48. NEGATIVELY SKEWED

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