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MARINE BIODIVERSITY

PLANNING FOR CONSERVATION OF. MARINE BIODIVERSITY. Acknowledgements to: WORLD WILDLIFE FUND CANADA CONSERVATION LAW FOUNDATION USA COMMISSION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION (NAFTA) CANADA PARKS AND WILDERNESS SOCIETY MARINE CONSERVATION BIOLOGY INSTITUTE SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE (EU).

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MARINE BIODIVERSITY

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  1. PLANNING FOR CONSERVATION OF MARINE BIODIVERSITY Acknowledgements to: WORLD WILDLIFE FUND CANADA CONSERVATION LAW FOUNDATION USA COMMISSION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION (NAFTA) CANADA PARKS AND WILDERNESS SOCIETY MARINE CONSERVATION BIOLOGY INSTITUTE SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE (EU) JOHN ROFF, ACADIA UNIVERSITY, CANADA GEOHAB, TASMANIA, MAY 2003 john.roff@acadiau.ca

  2. How to synthesize the ‘Science’ in ‘Marine Conservation? Development of protected areas has been driven..”more by opportunity than design, scenery rather than science”(HACKMAN 1993)

  3. FOUR approaches to Marine Conservation: Scotian Shelf Seascapes SPECIES SPACES FISHERIES COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

  4. Each approach has virtues and limitations BUT: How should we COMBINE THEM ? How do we USE geophysical data? • Single Species approach: • Passé, never-ending, arbitrary • BUT – interest in FOCAL SPECIES (Charismatic megafauna) • AND - Meta-population studies – integrate species and genetic levels • Spaces-Habitat approach: • Ignores individual species • BUT - integrates: community / ecosystem, and potentially genetic levels • Fisheries approach: • Attention on commercial species only • BUT – ‘ecosystem’ level approach? • Coastal Zone management approach: • Emphasis on engineering and environmental quality

  5. MARINE BIODIVERSITY ECOLOGICALHIERARCHY After Zacharias and Roff 2000, Cons. Bio.

  6. Ecological Hierarchy – Structures and Processes a – observable b – measurable c - applied to conservation From Zacharias and Roff 2000, Cons. Bio.

  7. Genetic Structure Process Community Structure Process Species/ Population Structure Process Ecosystem Structure Process

  8. 1. Approach based on Representative Habitats • If marine environments are to be systematically protected - we require: • Identification of habitat types • Identification of community types • Delineation of boundaries • These are fundamental prerequisites to determine location and size of MPA’s

  9. 1. Approach based on Representative Habitats • Classifications based only on biological data are generally prohibited at larger scales, due to lack of data. • We are therefore obliged to classify habitat types • Mapped from enduring and recurrent geophysical features (STRUCTURES) • (oceanographic and physiographic) • as surrogates for community types.

  10. Map the marine environment • Temperature • Salinity • Water depth • Water ‘colour’ • Currents • Substrate types • Habitat types • Fish distributions • Marine mammals • ETC. ETC. Water depth

  11. Scotian Shelf Seascapes of Representative Habitats Roff et al. 2003 Aquat. Cons.

  12. What can we do with these seascapes? Habitat heterogeneity How MANY different kinds of Representative Habitats? Roff et al. 2003 Aquat. Cons.

  13. Scotian Shelf / Gulf of Maine – bottom Water Masses(T – S combinations)

  14. Scotian Shelf / Gulf of Maine – bottom Water Masses(variability)

  15. 2.Approach based on: DISTINCTIVE HABITATS • For analysis of habitats, we must consider Structures and Processes across the entire ecological hierarchy AND FOCAL SPECIES DISTINCTIVE

  16. DISTINCTIVE HABITATS • Processes • Upwelling, Gyres, Currents • Environmental Anomaly • Temperature, Topography, Sea Height, Chlor a • Focal Species • Flagships, Umbrellas, Parasols, Indicators STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES Roff and Evans 2002 Aquat. Cons.

  17. Characteristics, Processes, Focal Species DISTINCTIVE HABITATS Resources Elevated Retention Areas Resources advected / focused Resources depleted High Primary Production Areas Roff and Evans 2002 Aquat. Cons.

  18. Anomalies and Focal Species - Examples DISTINCTIVE HABITATS Roff and Evans 2002 Aquat. Cons.

  19. Relations between Anomalies and Focal Species

  20. Relations between Anomalies and Focal Species

  21. 3. Approaches based on Fisheries Conservation • Several strategies to determineconservation areas based on fisheries are possible: 1.Habitat Suitability Indices (HSI) 2.Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) 3.Knowledge of spawning / recruitment areas 4.Minimum Viable Population and Home Range 5. Correspondence of fish communities to water masses 6. Species-Area (S-A) curves Roff et al. 2002 MS.

  22. CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN FISH COMMUNITIES AND OCEANOGRAPHY FISH COMMUNITIES WATER MASSES T-S COURTESY WWF / CLF COURTESY KEES ZWANENBURG

  23. How large should an MPA be? SPECIES – AREA CURVES ASYMPTOTE For combined fish community NUMBER OF SPECIES AREA ESTIMATE AREA e.g. Frank and Schackell 2001, CJFAS

  24. SPECIES – AREA CURVES ASYMPTOTES For separate ‘guilds’ of fish community NUMBER OF SPECIES Determination of Community Types and relations to geophysics is critical to MPA planning AREA

  25. 4. Approach based on Coastal Zone Management Restrictions /Limitations / Preferences 1. Pristine areas 2. Affected areas - land use - water use -engineered areas 3. Socio-economic concerns 4. First Nations 5. Historic / Archaeological sites

  26. How toSYNTHESIZE theseapproaches? • THREE PHASES • Mapping / Overlays – REPRESENTATIVE & DISTINCTIVE AREAS • Define SETS of candidate MPA’s • Select THENETWORK of MPA’s

  27. PHASE ONEMAPPING / OVERLAY 1.1. Map Representative Habitats (Geophysical data) 1.2. Map Distinctive Habitats (Anomalies / Focal Species) 1.3. Map Fisheries Areas (Fished and Closed) 1.4. Map Existing Protected Areas 1.5. Decide which Distinctive, Fisheries and Existing Areas should become MPA’s 1.6. Produce overlay maps of Distinctive, Fisheries and Existing Areas onto Representative Areas 1.7. Determine the proportion of each type of Representative Area captured within the selected Distinctive, Fisheries and Existing Areas

  28. SCOTIAN SHELF Seascapes Representative Areas Distinctive / Existing areas Whale sanctuary Closed fishing area Existing protected area Polluted coastal area

  29. PHASE TWODEFINESETSOF CANDIDATE MPA’s EMPHASIS NOW ON REPRESENTATIVE AREAS 2.1. Species diversity versus area - for macrobenthos / demersal fish 2.2. Habitat heterogeneity – identify regions of high heterogeneity - where all Representative Habitats exceed critical S-A asymptote QUESTIONS: 2.3. How to set SIZE and BOUNDARIES for MPAs ? (Roff et al. in prep.) 2.4. How many MPA’s to establish ? 2.5. Total area to be protected ?

  30. PHASE TWO - cont.DEFINE SETSOF CANDIDATE MPA’s 2.6. Eliminate non-viable sites for reason • Too remote to manage • Areas affected by human activity 2.7. Apply geographic/ environmental criteria • Proximity to existing areas • Maximum distance from existing sites • Areas of defined ‘naturalness’ 2.8. Apply further selection criteria • Socioeconomic • Legislative • First nations, etc. THIS DEFINES VARIOUS SETS OF CANDIDATE MPA’s

  31. PHASE THREE SELECT THENETWORK OF MPA’s NUMBER OF SITES, DISTANCES APART We are now moving from: A SET of CANDIDATE MPA’s to THE preferred NETWORK of MPA’s

  32. PHASE THREE - cont.SELECT THENETWORK OF MPA’s • SETSof MPA’s implies that we have multiple possible sites designated, but says NOTHING about CONNECTIVITY among them (connectivity = terrestrial corridors) • THE NETWORK of MPA’s implies that we have considered CONNECTIVITY among them (I.e. their physical /biological inter-relationships) • The most important PROCESS in connectivity is RECRUITMENT i.e. GENETIC STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES

  33. PHASE THREE - cont.SELECT THE NETWORK OF MPA’s This is a complex issue; some reasoning: 3.1. Determine number of replicates of each habitat type required from the SET of Candidate MPA’s 3.2. Determine flow patterns among replicates 3.3. Determine meroplanktonic/ larval phases and recruitment patterns of macrobenthos and demersal fish species

  34. PHASE THREE - cont.SELECT THE NETWORK OF MPA’s To comprise the NETWORK- a SETof MPA’s must be oceanographically connected so that: • Smaller species will auto-recruit within each MPA • Larger species would allo-recruit among MPA’s • No species would lose ALL its recruits to areas outside the NETWORK, unless they recruited to another NETWORK

  35. Recruitment among MPA’s Recruitment may be uni-directional OR subject to retention mechanisms From another network Prevailing current Auto-recruitment Allo-recruitment Allo-recruitment To another network

  36. One Dimensional dispersion x – is the origin (source) of a dispersing individual y - is the destination of a dispersing individual The domain [0, Lx] defines the ‘source’ space of release The domain [o, Ly] defines the space over which individuals settle If J(x) individuals (the # of juveniles at point x), settle according to a distribution L(x,y), then the # of individuals at point y is defined by: Where: L(x,y)  e-D(y-x-d)2  /D D = parameter controls breadth of distribution and: d = v . t D = distance, v = velocity, t = time Lx A(y) = ∫J(x).L(x,y)dx 0

  37. 3-D Statistical solutions: From: p+w/2 Nw,p,t = N0,0∫ t,2t (u) du p-w/2 Nx,p,t = ni (( (p+x/2) –pi+(t-ti) /  2(t-ti)) -  ( (p-x/2) –pi+(t-ti) /  2(t-ti))

  38. BUT: How do we know if we have ‘finished’ the task and ‘captured’ We need an INVENTORY across the ECOLOGICAL HIERARCHY MARINE BIODIVERSITY

  39. The Ecological HIERARCHY After Zacharias and Roff 2000, Cons. Bio. and Roff and Evans 2002 Aquat Cons.

  40. Genetic Structure Process Community Structure Process Species/ Population Structure Process Ecosystem Structure Process

  41. How the elements of biodiversity are ‘captured’ by various conservation approaches

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