OVARIAN CANCER SCREENING :

1. OVARIAN CANCER SCREENING: Edward J. Pavlik University of Kentucky Ovarian Cancer Screening Research Program July 26, 2011

2. CANCER SCREENING:Definitions • Cancer Screening: The act of testing for a condition in a population that is presumed to be asymptomatic when detection will result in the possibility of cure or extending life.Predicting disease is present before it is evident. • Cancer Diagnostic Workup: The act(s) of testing when clinical evidence or symptoms indicate that a condition is present and cancer must be ruled out as an explanation for this condition.

3. Perspectives --- Ovarian Screening • What are current perceptions about screening? • Why screen for ovarian cancer? • How good is transvaginal ultrasound screening? • What do women want? • What about costs?

4. Perceptions --- Screening What are current perceptions about screening? What do we mean by “perceptions?”

5. Perspectives --- Ovarian Screening What are current perceptions about ovarian screening? My doctor does it The PAP test does it I don’t need it I don’t want to talk about it It doesn’t work My insurance doesn’t pay for it My doctor didn’t tell me about it

6. The Holy Grail: distinguishing benign from malignant ovarian tumors with precision high enough and cost low enough to please everyone: the Kentucky ovarian cancer screening experience with 37,200+ women and 230,000+ screens.

7. Perspectives --- Ovarian Screening Why screen for ovarian cancer?

8. UK Ovarian Screening Program Ovarian Screening Video

9. Perspectives --- Ovarian Screening How good is transvaginal ultrasound screening?

10. #3. TVS vs Pelvic Exam TVS is significantly more accurate (p< 0.001) Ueland, DePriest, DeSimone, Pavlik, Lele, Kryscio, van Nagell JR Jr. The accuracy of examination under anesthesia and transvaginal sonography in evaluating ovarian size. Gynecol Oncol. 2005 Nov;99(2):400-3.

11. #4. Performance: TVS vs Mammography TVSperforms similarly tomammography &MRI van Nagell JR Jr, DePriest PD, Ueland FR, DeSimone CP, Cooper AL, McDonald, JM, Pavlik EJ, Kryscio RK. Ovarian Cancer Screening With Annual Transvaginal Sonography. Cancer 2007; 109: 1887-1196 Humphrey LL, Hefland M, Chan BKS, Woolf, SH. Breast Cancer Screening: A Summary of the Evidencefor the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Med. 137: E347, 2002 (Multi-study report) Elmore JG, Armstrong K, Lehman CD, Fletcher SW. Screening for Breast Cancer. JAMA 293: 1245, 2005 Lehman CD, Gatsonis C, Kuhl CK, Hendrick RE, Pisano ED, Hanna L, Peacock S, Smazal SF, Maki DD, Julian TB, DePeri ER, Bluemke DA, Schnall MD. MRI Evaluation of the Contralateral Breast in Women with Recently Diagnosed Breast Cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 356:1295

12. #4. Performance: TVS vs Mammography TVSscreening results in improved survival

13. Perspectives --- Ovarian Screening What do women want?

14. http://ovarianscreening.info #2 What Women Want I realize that the risk of ovarian cancer is a lot lower than breast cancer and I:A. Feel that ovarian cancer is still a concern or threat to me 647 =97%B. Feel that my chances of getting ovarian cancer are too low to be concerned with. 22 = 3% When I am near or at age 50, I feel strongly that I would:1. Probably be undecided about ovarian cancer screening 10 = 2% 2. NOT want to participate in ovarian cancer screening 5 = 1% 3. Might consider ovarian cancer screening 91 = 18% 4. Would definitely want to participate in ovarian cancer screening 413 = 80%

15. http://ovarianscreening.info #2 What Women Want For what I am paying for medical insurance, my insurance should:1. Pay for ovarian screening no matter what the cost 488 = 70% 2. Pay up to $500 for ovarian screening 50 = 7% 3. Pay up to $250 for ovarian screening 44 = 6% 4. Pay up to $150 for ovarian screening 48 = 7% 5. Pay up to $100 for ovarian screening 25 = 4% 6. Pay up to $50 for ovarian screening 13 = 2% 7. Not pay for ovarian screening 27 = 4%

16. http://ovarianscreening.info #2 What Women Want • If my medical insurance would NOT pay for ovarian cancer screening, I consider the risk of ovarian cancer to be sufficient to pay for screening out of my own pocket so that I might: • Pay for ovarian screening no matter what the cost 162 = 23% • Pay up to $500 for ovarian screening 56 = 8% • Pay up to $250 for ovarian screening 100 = 14% • Pay up to $150 for ovarian screening 131 = 19% • Pay up to $100 for ovarian screening 122 = 18% • Pay up to $50 for ovarian screening 110 = 16% • I do not consider the risk of ovarian cancer to be worth paying for screening myself or would never pay for anything that my medical insurance would not pay for. 12 = 2%

17. Perspectives --- Ovarian Screening What about costs?

18. #5. Cost & Number of Recovered Screens SR: “Screens Recovered” at $25**/screen Over 2000 screens can be paid for by preventing a single IIIc cancer and over 500 screens by chemotherapy alone! * Current Women’s Health Reviews 5, 44-50 (2009) **Pavlik EJ, van Nagell JR Jr, DePriest PD, Wheeler L, Tatman JM, Boone M, Sollars S, Rayens MK, Kryscio RK. Participation in transvaginal ovarian cancer screening: compliance, correlation factors, and costs.Gynecol Oncol. 1995 Jun;57(3):395-400

19. #5. Costs & Screens ASSUMPTION: IIIC expense is if all 68 detected malignancies progressed to IIIC. Cases that can be stopped from progressing to a IIIC expense can pay for a large number of TVS screens.

20. Cost of Chemotherapy & Screening

21. #5. Costs & Relativity $25/screen is within the Co-Pay

22. #5. Costs & Relativity $25/screen is less than Styling

23. Summary of Perspectives • Women want ovarian screening • TVS outperforms manual PE • TVS performs as well as mammography • TVS ovarian screening has reasonable cost

25. Ovarian Cancer • 2011: 21,990new cases/yr; 2011: 15,460 deaths • Fifth leading cause of cancer death among women • Leading cause of death among gynecologic malignancies • 5 yr survival: Stage I - ~ 90% Stage III/IV - 20% • Prevalence- 50/100,00 in women > 50 yrs. • 75% cases diagnosed with advanced disease

26. Delay in Diagnosis • Retrospective review of 277 pts. • On average patients sought medical attention 9 months after onset of symptoms • On average patients received pelvic exam 9 months after seeking medical attention • Gilda Radner, Ella Grasso, Madeline Kahn, Liz Tilberis, Cassandra Hanis-Brosnan, Coretta Scott King, Patsy Ramsey, Loretta Young, Dinah Shore, Jessica Tandy, Lauro Nyro, Joan Hackett, Dixie Lee, Rosalind Franklin (discoverer of DNA), Sandy Dennis; Bess Myerson & Carol Channing are survivors Sackett, et. al., Clinical Epid., Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1985 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer#Notable_victims_of_ovarian_cancerhttp://www.wect.com/Global/story.asp?S=5466000

27. Transvaginal Sonography (TVS)

28. Transvaginal Sonography (TVS)

29. Faces With A Future

30. Symptoms & Tests Out of 100 women with symptoms, only 1 will have OvCa.Symptoms occur in women without OvCa 60-1500 times more than the incidence of OvCa.OVA1 is an FDA-cleared blood test that uses results of 5 biomarkers, with an algorithm to indicate the probability of malignancy of an ovarian mass. It is not a screening or stand alone test.

31. Transvaginal Sonography (TVS) • Echos not degraded in air-space @ ovary • Easy to perform • Well-accepted • Relatively cost-effective (~$25/screen) • Acceptable sensitivity

32. Unresolved Issues • Who should be screened? (Who decides?) • What is the optimal screening interval? • What is the optimal screening algorithm? • How should the screening be done?

33. Disease Prevention Is Related To Education “The one social factor that researchers agree is consistently linked to longer lives in every country where it has been studied is education. It is more is more important than race; it obliterates any effects of income.” And, health economists say, those factors that are popularly believed to be crucial — money and health insurance, for example, pale in comparison. http://www.nytimes.com/ref/health/newage_index.html

34. http://ovarianscreening.info Finding More InformationGoogled 07/21/2011 Women's Health Care - Ovarian Cancer Screening - UK HealthCare ukhealthcare.uky.edu/WomensHealth/ovariancancer.asp Feb 4, 2010 – Early detection is vital to surviving ovarian cancer. The UK Markey Cancer Center Ovarian Screening Program was started in 1987 and provides ...► Ovarian Screening Program ovarianscreening.info/ Apr 4, 2011 – Free ovarian cancer screening for women is performed using transvaginal ultrasound as a protocol to reduce mortality due to ovariancancer. Ovarian Screening Program ovarianscreening.info/Faceswithafuture.htm Apr 4, 2011 – Ovarian Cancer. Screening Program. Ovarian Cancer ... Ovarian Screening Memorials - Ovarian Screening Program ovarianscreening.info/Memorials.html Apr 4, 2011 – The Monroe County Extension Homemakers have initiated ... Show more results from ovarianscreening.info Ovarian cancer screening : Cancer Research UK : CancerHelp UK cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org/.../ovarian.../ovari... - United Kingdom Nov 1, 2010 – Over the next 5 years the researchers in the study will look at whether an ovarian screening programme using these tests could help to...

35. CANCER SCREENING:Science

36. First:Global Thoughts on Cancer Screening in general Edward J. Pavlik, Director University of Kentucky Ovarian Cancer Screening Research Program July 26, 2011

37. CANCER SCREENING:Definitions • Cancer Screening: The act of testing for a condition in a population that is presumed to be asymptomatic when detection will result in the possibility of cure or extending life.Predicting disease is present before it is evident. • Cancer Diagnostic Workup: The act(s) of testing when clinical evidence or symptoms indicate that a condition is present and cancer must be ruled out as an explanation for this condition.

38. Perception vs Preconception: What Is Reality? Do you stop? Do you slow down? Do you speed up to get through before it turns red?

39. Perception vs Preconception: What Is Reality? Colorado Law STEADY YELLOW LIGHT: A red light is about to appear. Stop unless you are already within the intersection. Indiana Law STEADY YELLOW LIGHT: means that the right-of-way is ending. Kentucky Law STEADY YELLOW LIGHT means stop if you can do so safely. A vehicle may clear an intersection on a red light, if the vehicle entered the intersection while the signal was yellow; but it is against the law to enter an intersection after the light turns red. Ohio Law STEADY YELLOW LIGHT: clearance of vehicle within intersection.

40. Perspective What Is Reality? Is the glass half empty? Is the glass half full? What other quantitative relationship applies?

41. Perspective What Is Reality? Are too few medical services provided in the USA? Could more medical services be provided? Are the number of medical services that could be provided too great for payer resources in the USA? Screening = a medical service

42. Perspective What Is Reality? What quantitative relationship applies?Is this a full cup?Is this a full half cup? Is this a way of adjusting services (contents) to perception? (i.e. a consumer can get all the services a medical plan provides by restricting the plan)

43. Perspective What Is Reality? Types of Service Plan Restrictions:1. Age eligibility2. Pre-existing conditions3. PSA & consequences4. Breast screening (40-50) Ways of adjusting services

44. Perspective What Is Reality? It ALL has to work! Sometimes half isn’t good enough!

45. CANCER SCREENING:Definitions • Cancer Screening: The act of testing for a condition in a population that is presumed to be asymptomatic when detection will result in the possibility of cure or extending life.Predicting disease is present before it is evident. • Cancer Diagnostic Workup: The act(s) of testing when clinical evidence or symptoms indicate that a condition is present and cancer must be ruled out as an explanation for this condition.

46. Ways of thinking about screening CANCER SCREENING:Applications & Controversy Ask the assay Find the cancer

47. DO YOU KNOW WHO THIS IS? CANCER SCREENING:Application

48. DO YOU KNOW WHO THIS IS? CANCER SCREENING:Application

49. CANCER SCREENING: Visual Bias / Context

50. CANCER SCREENING:Science Visual Bias / Selective Attention ---1 Task Orientation & Awareness: The Elephant In The Room