The Franks

1. The Franks A brief history

2. Where’d they come from? • They were a Germanic tribe that moved into Gaul during the 400s as the western Roman Empire weakened. They’re from what’s now Belgium. • The mix of the Franks & the Gallic tribes are the ancestors of today’s French. • Francia was Latin for “country of the Franks.”

3. King Clovis • Clovis became the first king of the Franks in 509. • He founded the Merovingian Dynasty which would rule the Franks for the next 200 years • He converted to Christianity & was the first king to be recognized by the Pope. The Frankish people became Christian as a result.

4. Charles “the hammer” Martel • He defeated the Muslim Arabs at the Battle of Tours in 732 & stopped the spread of Islam. • He also held off the Vikings, who weren’t able to raid France until after the death of his grandson, Charlemagne.

5. Charlemagne • He expanded Frankish territory & reintroduced written laws, education, a monetary standard, & support for the arts. He had scribes copy many ancient Roman books & Bibles. • To make writing faster, he had scholars write with smaller letters, called miniscule, which became the basis for our lower case letters today.

6. Holy Roman Empire • On Christmas day, 800, the Pope crowned Charlemagne (Charles the Great) the first Holy Roman Emperor. He was now considered the leader of the monarchs of Europe & became the father of the French & German monarchs.

7. Holy Roman Empire • The empire controlled France, Germany, Bavaria, Spain & the Lombards in Italy. For the first time since Rome fell, most of western Europe was under a single ruler. • This was an attempt to return to the Roman empire in the west & had the support of the Roman Catholic Church.

8. Holy Roman Empire • The Pope’s support meant that God supported it. In return, he would help protect the Church. • He worked closely with the Pope to control much of western Europe. • He also offered to protect the Andorrans if they fought against the Moors in Spain. This became the country of Andorra in the Pyrenees Mountains.

9. Holy Roman Empire • He introduced trial by jury to the Franks. • Shortly after his death, the empire divided into three parts. The divisions would later become the countries of France & Germany. • The empire was never a highly centralized country, with local rules having quite a bit of power. It would last until 1806 when Napoleon abolished it.

10. Frankish army • They were known for heavily armored cavalry (knights). • Their major enemies were first the Vikings & other invading tribes & later, the English.

11. Castles • A fortified structure where a lord (knight) or noble lived. • They were the main defensive structure in the middle ages. • They became popular shortly after Charlemagne died. The 9th & 10th centuries. • Castles went out of using in the 15th century because of gunpowder.

12. Culture • From about 400 to 1100 most people in Europe wore the same style of clothing. The main difference was that the Germanic tribes wore shorter tunics & the Romanized population wore longer tunics. • Most lived in a small cottage & worked for a lord. They exchanged their freedom for food & protection (feudalism).

13. Language • The French language developed from the version of the Latin spoken by the Franks. It’s different than the other romance languages because it includes many Germanic sounds. • The Franks that never spoke Latin evolved into Dutch, Flemish & Franconian German.

14. English words of French origin • abandon, accuse, acrobat, admission, buffet, cereal, dance, difference, exercise, faith, jaw, jersey, joy, kennel, lake, medical, money, nice, onion, panic, quiet, rapids, safe, sandal, study, tablet, text, use, vain, & wallet. • French has been a dominant language, worldwide, since the time of the Holy Roman Empire.

15. Did you know? • Brussels, Belgium, which was once in the heart of Frankish territory, is now the capital of the European Union? In Belgium, the northern half speaks Flemish (a Germanic language) & the southern half speaks French (a Romance language). This is because some of the Franks learned Latin & some didn’t.

16. Did you Know? • Paris started out as a Roman fort & grew into one of the most powerful cities in Europe by the 12th century. • The Romans named the town LutetiaParisiorium, after the Gaulish tribe Parisii. • The language of northern France, French, began to dominate the other Romance languages of southern France, i.e. Catalan, Occitan, Corsican, etc. To this day, they are in danger of dying off. • French is the first language of 88% of the French.

17. Language comparison • English: She always closes the window before she dines. • Latin: (Ea) semperantequamcenatfenestramclaudit. • Catalan: (Ella) sempretanca la finestraabans de sopar. • Corsican: (Ella/Edda) chjodesempre u purtellunanzudicenà. • French: Elle fermetoujours la fenêtreavant de dîner/souper. • Occitan: (Ela) barrasempre/totjorn la fenèstraabans de sopar. • Walloon: Ele sere todilifiniessedivantdisoper.

18. How Latin evolved into French • English: winter • 4th century Latin: hiems • 8th century medieval Latin: hibernus • Franco-Provençal (southern France): hìvern • French: hiver

19. Religion • To this day, most French people identify themselves as Roman Catholic. • The man that divided the chapters of the New Testament into the verses used today was born in Paris. • The educated of the time learned Latin & Catholic mass was in Latin.

20. Religion • The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1378, during which seven successive popes lived in Avignon, France, rather than in Rome. This situation started from a conflict between the Pope & king. • The battle over who held more power, the Pope or the King was a big deal during the middle ages.

21. Notre Dame de Paris • A gothic style church built in Paris that was completed in 1250. It means “our lady of Paris.” • Since knowledge of the arch had been lost since Rome fell, large buildings at the time used the flying buttress to hold walls up. • The stained glass windows & religious symbols all mean something.

22. The Franks A brief history

23. Where’d they come from? • They were a tribe that moved into Gaul during the s as the western Roman Empire weakened. They’re from what’s now . • The of the Franks & the Gallic tribes are the of today’s French. • was Latin for “ of the Franks.”

24. King Clovis • became the first of the Franks in . • He founded the Merovingian which would rule the Franks for the next years • He to Christianity & was the first king to be by the . The Frankish became Christian as a result.

25. Charles “the hammer” Martel • He defeated the Muslim at the Battle of in 732 & stopped the spread of . • He also held off the who weren’t able to raid France until after the death of his grandson, .

26. Charlemagne • He Frankish territory & reintroduced written , , a monetary standard, & support for the arts. He had scribes copy many ancient books & Bibles. • To make writing , he had scholars write with smaller letters, called , which became the basis for our case letters today!

27. Holy Roman Empire • On Christmas day, , the (Charles the Great) the first Holy Emperor. He was now considered the leader of the monarchs of Europe & became the father of the French & German .

28. Holy Roman Empire • The empire controlled France, Germany, Bavaria, Spain & the Lombards in Italy. For the time since fell, most of western Europe was under a ruler. • This was an attempt to to the Roman empire in the & had the of the Roman Catholic Church.

29. Holy Roman Empire • The Pope’s support meant that supported it. In return, he would help the Church. • He closely with the Pope to much ofEurope. • He also offered to the if they fought against the in Spain. This became the of in the Mountains.

30. Holy Roman Empire • He introduced trial by to the Franks. • Shortly after his death, the empire into three parts. The divisions would later become the countries of & . • The empire was a highly country, with rules having quite a bit of . It would last until when Napoleon abolished it.

31. Frankish army • They were known for heavily armored (). • Their major were first the & other invading tribes & later, the .

32. Castles • A fortified structure where a (knight) or noble . • They were the main structure in the middle ages. • They became popular shortly after Charlemagne died. The th & th centuries. • Castles went out of using in the th century because of .

33. Culture • From about 400 to 1100 most people in Europe wore the same of clothing. The main difference was that the Germanic tribes wore tunics & the Romanized population wore tunics. • Most lived in a small & worked for a lord. They their for & (feudalism).

34. Language • Thelanguage developed from the version of the spoken by the Franks. It’s different than the other romance languages because it includes many sounds. • The Franks that never spoke Latin evolved into & Franconian .

35. English words of French origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36. Did you know? • Brussels, Belgium, which was once in the of Frankish territory, is now the capital of the Union. In Belgium, the half speaks (a Germanic language) & the . half speaks (a Romance language). This is because some of the Franks learned Latin & some .

37. Did you Know? • started out as a Roman & grew into one of the most powerful cities in Europe by the th century. • The Romans named the town LutetiaParisiorium, after the Gaulish tribe . • The language of northern France, French, began to the other Romance languages of France, i.e. Catalan, Occitan, Corsican, etc. To this day, they are in danger of off. • French is the language of % of the French.

38. Language comparison • : She always closes the window before she dines. • : (Ea) semperantequamcenatfenestramclaudit. • : (Ella) sempretanca la finestraabans de sopar. • : (Ella/Edda) chjodesempre u purtellunanzudicenà. • : Elle fermetoujours la fenêtreavant de dîner/souper. • : (Ela) barrasempre/totjorn la fenèstraabans de sopar. • : Ele sere todilifiniessedivantdisoper.

39. How Latin evolved into French • English: • 4th century Latin: • 8th century medieval Latin: • Franco-Provençal (southern France): • French:

40. Religion • To this day, French people identify themselves as Roman . • The man that the chapters of the Testament into the used today was born in . • The of the time learned & Catholic was in Latin.

41. Religion • The Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1378, during which seven successive popes in Avignon, , rather than in Rome. This situation started from a between the & . • The battle over who held more , the or thewas a big deal during the middle ages.

42. Notre Dame de Paris • A style church built in Paris that was completed in . It means “our of Paris.” • Since knowledge of the had been lost since Rome fell, large buildings at the time used the flying to walls up. • The stained glass windows & religious all mean .