Essential Question :

1. Essential Question: • How did the Adams presidency exaggerate the growth of American political party politics? • Warm-Up Question: • Take notes during Adams video

2. Foreign Affairs

4. The Battle over Foreign Affairs France was engulfed in the French Revolution; The U.S. supported the revolution, but feared its radical & bloody nature • In the 1792 election, Washington was unanimously chosen again • Foreign policy became the focus of Washington’s 2nd term: • War between England & France broke out in 1793 which divided Americans over who to support • England refused to obey the Treaty of Paris (1783) & barred the U.S. from West Indian trade U.S. neutrality seemed to be the best option

5. The French Revolution Led to War Between England & France

6. The Peril of Neutrality Americans seemed to favor France due to French assistance in the American Rev • Hamilton & Jefferson wanted neutrality but disagreed how: • Jefferson: punish England (due to impressment) by cutting off trade & reward France • Hamilton: England needed to be appeased, not coerced • Washington signed Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) to keep America out of foreign wars At least until the Genet Affair: French diplomat Edmond Genet challenged American neutrality repeatedly in public

7. English & French “impressment” of American sailors

8. Jay's Treaty with England The treaty avoided war with England but did not get the British to pay Southerners for lost slaves or merchants for impressed ships • John Jay demanded from England • The removal of British soldiers from western forts in America • payment for impressed ships • acceptance of U.S. neutrality • Jay’s Treaty (1794) • British vacated western forts • U.S. gained trade in West Indies • But, England did not recognize neutrality or end impressment Jay was hung in effigy throughout America The House challenged the Senate’s Constitutional authority to ratify the treaty

9. Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain • Prior to 1795, Spain closed U.S. access to the Mississippi River & encouraged Indian attacks • But, Spain interpreted Jay's Treaty as Anglo-American alliance against Spain & signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty): • Spain reopened the Mississippi • Settled the disputed border between Florida & U.S.

11. Treaty of Greenville with Indians • To end Indian attacks against white settlers in the West, the U.S. fought an Ohio Indian alliance led by the Shawnee at Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) • Led to the Treaty of Greenville: • Indians ceded lands in Ohio • The U.S. promised “fair” dealings with Indian nations Settlers rushed to Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, & western New York

12. Conquest of the West(Notice the British forts in the West!)

13. America’s First Political Parties

14. America’s 1st Political Parties Represented the “Spirit of 1776” & the fight against tyranny Also called Jeffersonian Republicans or simply, Republicans • Disagreements over Hamilton’s financial plans & Anglo-French Wars led to the 1st political parties: • Democratic-Republicans: led by Jefferson, favored states’ rights, “strict construction,” ties to France, & liberty • Federalists: led by Hamilton, favored a strong national gov’t, “loose construction”, ties to England, & public order Represented the “Spirit of 1787” & the fight for a stronger national gov’t

16. America’s 1st Political Parties • Political parties were seen as a conspiracy against liberty • Federalists & Dem-Republicans thought it was their duty to destroy the other party • In the Washington & Adams eras, the Federalists dominated politics, but Jefferson’s election in 1800 killed the Federalists Commoners in the U.S. were highly literate Newspapers transformed political culture in the U.S.; they were widely read, highly influential, & totally partisan

17. Whiskey Rebellion Hamilton interpreted the rebellion as a Jefferson-inspired conspiracy Jefferson saw it as an excuse by Federalists to raise an army to intimidate Republicans • The whiskey tax led yeomen in western Pennsylvania to start a Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 • When the governor of PA refused to act, Federalists saw the revolt as a threat to safety • Washington himself led the U.S. army to suppress the rebellion • Both parties used the event to attack each other Rioted with the same fervor as those against the Stamp Act

18. Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 His mere presence (and the 15,000 soldiers he brought with him) was enough to end the Whiskey Rebellion President Washington is one of two presidents (Madison is the other) who participated in combat while serving as president

19. Washington's Farewell Address Washington never acknowledged the faction in his cabinet, he tended to side with the Federalist perspective of gov’t • Washington was not limited by the Constitutionto2terms,butin1796 heannouncedhisdecisiontoretire • Washington’s Farewell Address: • Warned against political parties • Warned against “entangling alliances” with foreign nations (led to the precedent of non-intervention in foreign affairs) Washington’s decision to retire established the precedent of 2 terms in office for presidents