Verb tenses & Readings

Verb tenses&Readings Sergio Pizziconi

Plan of the day Tomorrow, bring a spilletta to class • Review • A survey on made-in-Italy abroad • Verb tenses • Readings Plan EXTRA-CLASS work: Read Chp 2 cases 1 (AMWAY) and 5 (BIC) [MARK relative clauses] Keep on working on your CVs and cover letter [try to make the sample letter in the text-book YOUR OWN letter] Keep working on your project.

Review: Phonology 1/1 Vowels: exercises from /i/ to /a/ and from /u/ to /ɒ/ (lowering your jaw) from /i/ to /u/ mind driven; puff of air (see IPA chart). // Where accent falls is relevant: 1) OBject (n.) – obJECT (v.), 2) if lost, stress the first syllable, you’re likely to sound right. // Stress movement shortens/weakens previously stressed vowels (also in writing): proNOUNce  pronunCIAtion // This Miss /s/ unvoiced These Ms. /z/ voiced// “gh” mute (though, thought) OR /f/ (rough, tough)

Review: Morphology 1/1 ADJ+lyADV; N+lyADJ // V+erN(s.o./s.t. does V) // To+N(and mostwords)V (googleto google; wowto wow) // V + ance/ence N (differ+ence, perfom+ance) // Help+lessantonymhelp+ful// Adj+ en  V (tomakes.o./s.tAdj) // Adj(max2syll.) + er  Adj (comparative: more Adj) Adj(max2syll.) + est  Adj (superlative: mostAdj) BUT: good – better – best; bad – worse – worst // Singular: Thesis, Analysis, Hypothesis, Axis /s/ unvoiced Plural: Theses, Analyses, HypothesesAxes /z/ voiced // Datum (sing.) Data (pl.) Criterion, phenomenon (sing.) Criteria, phenomena (pl.)

Review: Syntax 1 Verbs: transitive Vs. intransitive (Directobject, Indirectobject, Oblique object)// passive Vs. active (mentioned)// AUXILIARY verbfor the perfecttenses (actually, aspect) ALWAYS tohave (e.g., Thingshavechanged) BUT: passive voice (e.g., Ruleswerechangedby the CEO) or fewconstructions (e.g., are youfinished?) // Phrasalverbs. Verb+ ADV or Prep. Tobringabout = to cause, toengender (causare, determinare) // Typicaldeclarativesentencestructure: Subj + Verb +….. Typical negative: Subject + do/does/did+ not+ V(base form) Typicalquestion: Do/Does/Did+ Subject + V(base form) N.B. When some sortofauxiliaryisalready in the sentence USE IT insteadofaddingto do Emphatic statement Subj+do/does/did+V(base form) // Whatbringsaboutunemployement? (what= SUBJECT) Whatdoesunemploymentbringabout? (what = ????) WRONG: I’m interesting in fashion RIGHT: ????

Review: Syntax 2 Skoda is…, Italy/France/Japanis… [WITHOUT article] BUT The UnitedStatesof America, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands // Once upon a timetherewasasmallvillage in the country. Thevillagewas… [see vignette below] In light of (mainly US) In the light of (mainly UK) [seeFOEsfor possessive case and article]// TRANSITIVE: toraise (raised – raised); tolay (laid – laid) INTRANSITIVE: to rise (rose – risen); tolie (lay – lain) (lying) N.B.: tolie(tosaysomethinguntrue) (lied – lied) (lying)

Review: Syntax 3 Syntax: Modalverbs: can, may, will, shall, must, could, might, would, should + BARE INFINITIVE (withoutto) Interrogative: MODAL + Subj + BARE INFINITIVE (must I go?) Negative: Subj + MODAL + not + BARE INFINITE (I mustn’t go, I cannot go OR I can’t go, I won’t go) They do not take tobefore or after: WRONG Tomay, tomust, tocould… WRONG WRONG I can to go, youmaytotalk… WRONG They do not take –sfor 3° personsingular WRONG hecans do, shemaysdo… WRONG Theyhave no tenseit’s a matterofdistancefrom reality: Nextyear, I am/willbe/can be/ maybe/couldbe/mightbe in the UK I want TO focus/analyze I wouldlike TO focus/analyze

Review: syntax 4 Circumstances Textual markers Links within the text On what condition? (D.O.) (I.O.) S V How? Why? (Att) Where? When? About the relation between interlocutors General structure of the sentence

Review: Syntax 5 • What sentence constituent is the underlined subordinate clause replacing? • I think (that) you can do excellent projects • Io penso che … • Can you replace “that” (“che”) with “which” (“il/la/i/le quale/i”)? • What’s the difference between the two uses of “honestly” below? • Honestly, I don’t think you can win the game • I don’t think you can honestly win the game D.O. replacing subordinate clause Discourse Marker (relation to interlocutors) Vs. Circumstance

Review: Syntax 6 Basic relative clauses A Main Clause with a Noun Phrase A relative pronoun We have already sold the books that we received XXXX yesterday We have already sold the books that XXXX were delivered yesterday A clause with a missing element A Main Clause with a Noun Phrase A relative pronoun A clause with a missing element

Review: Syntax 7 Other details about relative clauses • Omitted relative pronoun: • From AMWAY: These distributors sell to people [that/whom] they know or meet. • Whiz (omitted which and auxiliary to be): • From BIC: Most large companies produce a variety of goods and services XXX XXX [which are] designed to meet customers’ needs… • Fused relative pronoun: • From BIC: This case study shows how [the way in which] BIC understands product life cycles

Review: Pragmatics 1/1 Pragmatics: Do not pick on students or class fellows. //“See you later.”// Language varies across jobs. //Think it over before saying “No, this is wrong” Recommended: “Very interesting point/question. Let me point out though that…” or some sort of hedging (softening expression).//FORMAL: Dr. Pizziconi, your course is interesting [NOT: his/her]. INFORMAL: Sergio, your course is interesting. {“On a first name basis” “May I call you Sergio?”}.// How is it going? How (are) you doing? What’s up? Wassup? Sup?  It’s always Good.// Expectation of truthful statement. // Lag time between turns: When asking for questions, wait for a longer time.// Greetings (see next slide)//

Review: Pragmatics (Appendix) Pragmatics:

Review: Tools 1/1 Tools: www.thefreedictionary.com Also, the financial and legal dictionaries within and the Idioms section. // Check for the frequency of sentences googling them in quotes “……..” // Semantics of prototypes // Google advanced search: with pdf and site: .edu (US universities) or .ac.edu (UK universities) SUNECO’s library’s link to “online sources” (Open access journals)

FOEs 1/4 - Information (uncountable: much information NOT many informations , NOT an information) • Economy Vs Economics • Security (against criminal actions) Vs Safety (against dangerous actions) • Across (time, space whether real or abstract) Vs Through (space; means/tool) - Frequent (a bar, a restaurant) Vs attend (a course/program/school) • I study English Vs I study the English language • Aim/Attempt at (+ N; V-ing) OR to (+ V-base form) - A + consonant sound! OR pronounced h : a house, a university An + vowel sound! OR mute h: an unpredictable even, an hour.

FOEs 2/4 - I’m graduated FROM Aversa high school I graduated FROM/AT Aversa high school - Such as (listing examples) as (in the function of) - Comparison and manner: As (+entire clause) like (+noun) • Wal-Mart is one of the largest employers in the US. In fact it’s the largest (A dire il vero) • Industry usually means productive sector. Plant, factory (are the words for the place where things are manufactured) • When a word is not used because of its meaning but as a word to be dealt with, mark it somehow: The verb can expresses…; The verb “can” expresses…; The verb can expresses

FOEs 3/4 • What’s wrong in the sentence below? • Is more correct to use “may” to mean permission. • You need a subject! • Io sono d’accordo  I agree with+N/ to +Vbase form (clause)…. [NOT: I am agree] • A Facebook page is/isn’t useful to keep in touch [NOT for to keep in touch] • Possessive case: The doctor’s house Vs X Dr. Smith’s house The consumer’s choice Vs The consumers’ choice BUT The child’s toy Vs The children’s toy BUT X Giordano’s book Vs The Giordano book

FOEs 4/4 (charts) • Fall – fell – fallen • WRONG: his trend is regular RIGHT: ???? • ITA: media  ENG: mean (on average) • Price varies according to volume • WRONG: It is steadily for the first part • RIGHT: It is steady. It levels steadily. It is steadily high. • WRONG: After there is a slowly fall RIGHT: ???? • WRONG: Before it varies RIGHT: ???? • PREPOSITIONS IN June ON May 23rd AT the end of June April May June DURING the month

Survey on made-in-Italy abroad • A study by Walter Giordano, Laura Di Ferrante and I (OR myself) • 5 Italian products marketed abroad. • Stage 1: survey on the qualities of made-in-Italy products • https://it.surveymonkey.com/s/LSWABC14

Refresh: Relative clauses • Try to figure out what the pair below has to do with relative clauses: Restrictive Vs Non-restrictive The car that is parked in front of the department is mine My car, which is parked in front of the department, is a FIAT

Sets of personal pronouns and possessive Personal Pr. subject I you he she it we you (all) they who Personal Pr. Non-subject me you him her it us you (all) them whom Possessive Adjectives my your his her its our your their Possessive Pronouns mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs Reflexive myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves

Possessive My Your His Her Its Our Your Their Luke’s mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs Tony’s car is affordable is expensive

Verb tenses 1 I go to school tomorrow I go to school everyday In 1776 the USA declare their independence • Past (simple) • Non-past: present (simple) NOW Past Non-Past

Verb tenses 2 Futurity: I go to school tomorrow I am going to school tomorrow I’m going to go to school tomorrow I will go to school tomorrow • Past (simple) • Non-past: present (simple) NOW Past Non-Past

Verb tenses…actually aspects 3 They usually refer to a habitual action: I go to school [as my main activity today] I went to school last year [as my main activity then] • Past (simple) • Non-past: present (simple) To remark habits in the past: I used to go to school last year I would go to school everyday NOW Past Non-Past

Verb tenses…actually aspects 4 Habitual process On-going process: To be + V-ing • Simple • Continuous/Progressive Their price is decreasing When I bought the shares, their price was decreasing Their price will be decreasing NOW

Verb tenses…actually aspects 5 Habitual process On-going: To be + V-ing • Simple • Continuous/Progressive • Perfect Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed I have started this project two weeks ago When you will be back, they will have finished the project The deadline was yesterday but I had started the project two months ago NOW

Verb tenses…actually aspects 6 Habitual process On-going: To be + V-ing • Simple • Continuous/Progressive • Perfect Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed I have started this project two weeks ago When you will be back, they will have finished the project The deadline was yesterday but I had started the project two months ago NOW I started the project two months ago because the deadline was yesterday

Duration form 7 Habitual process On-going: To be + V-ing • Simple • Continuous/Progressive • Perfect • Perfect continuous Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed Some link with present and on-going : To have + BEEN + V-ing I havebeen working onthis project for four weeks I havebeen working onthis project since last month (2013) NOW BUT: I have known you all since March 10th

MUSTs & MUST-NOTs MINIMUM MUST-NOTs • MUST NOT copy and paste • MUST NOT hide sources • MUST NOT write your paper in the slides MUST-NOTs for “GOOD/HARD WORK” assessment • MUST NOT just repeat what other scholars wrote MINIMUM MUSTs • MUST rephrase • MUST cite sources • MUST circumscribe your scope MUSTs for “GOOD/HARD WORK” assessment • MUST carry out YOUR OWN analysis

In-class activity 3 lines: Explain the connection between Cheers’ intro and AMWAY general strategy TV Intro - Cheers (USA, 1982-1993) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1irjgfMC3A Sonic premium beef hot dogs accents https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWOzuvdZ6J8

Verb tenses & Readings