All of the following were important precursors to the Scientific Revolution except

1. All of the following were important precursors to the Scientific Revolution except • Renaissance artists • Enlightenment philosophers • technological advances • Hermetic magic • ancient mathematicians

2. Copernicus concluded that Ptolemy’s view of the universe was • right because it confirmed the laws of reason • wrong because it did not match his mathematical calculations • the only truly Christian interpretation of the heavens • destined to be confirmed by telescopic observations • wrong because it relied on a series of concentric spheres

3. The three laws of planetary motion were developed by • Kepler • Copernicus • Newton • Ptolemy • Pascal

4. The Catholic Church forced Galileo to reject Copernicanism because • he was not behaving like a faithful Catholic • it threatened Scripture and the dominant understanding of the universe • he criticized the pope • he renounced his faith • it supported Protestantism

5. Isaac Newton’s law of gravity • came to him when an apple fell on his head • had its inception in his scholar’s chambers at Cambridge • proved to him that religious teachings were mere superstitions • showed that one mathematical law applied throughout the universe • overturned much of the work completed by Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo

6. The theory that a volume of a gas was proportional to the pressure exerted on it was identified by • William Harvey • Paracelsus • Johannes Kepler • Robert Bellarmine • Robert Boyle

7. The main difference between early British and German women scientists was that • women scientists were more numerous in Britain than in Germany • in Britain they were usually women of leisure and in Germany they were craftswomen • in Germany a woman had to be single to pursue a scientific career • in Britain women were inducted into the Royal Society, but not in Germany • British women were more likely to be involved in astronomy

8. In regards to commonly held ideas about women, the Scientific Revolution • overturned sexual stereotypes • rejected the notion that women needed to be controlled • promoted the equality of the sexes • provided scientific evidence that men and women should be equals • reaffirmed traditional notions

9. In his explorations of anatomy, Vesalius suggested that the physical differences between men and women • were external only • were skeletal and internal only • were external and skeletal • proved the inferiority of women • proved the equality of women

10. The significance of Descartes’ theories was that they • proved with logic the accuracy of Galileo’s laws • formed an acceptable alternative to Newton’s Principia • created a division between the mind and the material world • allowed a scientist to be a practicing Christian • allowed the scientist to use reason and faith in the search for truth

11. Francis Bacon’s major contribution to early modern science lay in • his creation of a working scientific method, based on induction • the thoroughness of his research, which set an example for younger scholars • his unwillingness to compromise his views, even when highly criticized • the work he did as president of the Royal Society • his publication of Discourse on Method

12. The new science was readily accepted in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century because of • support from the Roman Catholic Church • the direct application of science to the interests of a European elites and rulers • the ability of all classes to use science • the increased opportunities provided for women • the harmony of religion and science

13. Spinoza differed with all other philosophers of his day about the • natural inferiority of women as scientists • dangers to European civilization of the Jewish faith • Copernican view of the universe • divinity of the material universe • rational elements of Christianity

14. At the time of his death, Pascal was attempting to • demonstrate the validity of Descartes’ dualism • establish an alternative scientific society in France • prove that a scientist can be a practicing Christian and vice versa • sell commercially his calculating machine • refute the idea of a heliocentric universe

15. The long-range significance of the Royal Society and Royal Academy was to • encourage scientists to work cooperatively • provide many military inventions to the kings of England and France • help scientists win patents for their inventions • establish schools of science for aspiring young scholars • provide a venue for female scientists