Exploring Oceanographic Factors influencing Euphausiid Productivity: Future Directions for Folger Passage Node

1. Learning about the physical, chemical and biological oceanography that affects euphausiid (krill) productivity: A future initiative for the Folger Passage Node Ron Tanasichuk, Fisheries and Oceaans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C.

2. Outline 1. The 20-year euphausiid/zooplankton sampling programme in Barkley Sound; 2. Learning the biological basis of herring and salmon production variability (an inkling of NEPTUNE in 2030?); 3. Revisiting the 2005 Folger Pass proposal (the biological basis of euphausiid/zooplankton production variability).

3. 1991-2010 Barkley Sound euphausiid/zooplankton study There have been 161 cruises since March 1991; species, life history stage, size have been described for 150,000 euphausiids and 86,000 zooplankton, and abundance has been estimated at fine taxonomic levels

4. M/V Alta: the euphausiid sampling boat Sampling is done at night with bongo nets

5. Adult Thysanoessa spinifera biomass, 1991-2009 Annual median biomass has varied by about 100 fold

6. Knowing T. spinifera biomass variation has helped us address two of the “Holy Grails” of fisheries oceanography: 1) the biological basis of recruitment (production of new spawners) variability for pelagic fish species such as herring, and; 2) the biological basis of salmon return variability.

7. Why WCVI herring recruitment (production of new spawners, age 3 fish) varies Biomass of T. spinifera (> 17 mmin August of each of the first three years of life), and hake predation during the first year of life explain changes in recruit herring abundance; adjusted R2=0.94. Open circles – observed recruitment; closed circles – predicted recruitment

8. The biological explanation for varying WCVI (Carnation Creek) coho returns Number of spawners, stream discharge in January, and biomass of T. spinifera (> 19 mm in August of the first marine year) explain why coho numbers vary; adjusted R2=0.89. Open circles – observed return; closed circles – predicted return

9. The biological explanation for varying Barkley Sound sockeye returns Biomass T. spinifera (3-5 mm in May), when fish migrate through Barkley Sound, explains why sockeye numbers vary; adjusted R2=0.85. Open circles – observed return; closed circles – predicted return

10. Adult Thysanoessa spinifera biomass, 1991-2009 Annual median biomass has varied by about 100 fold; variations are not correlated with any measures or indices of ocean conditions

11. • To understand how the ocean affects WCVI fish production, it seems crucial to learn how the ocean affects euphausiid productivity • Now that the Folger Passage Node is installed, we can develop studies to learn what physical, chemical and biological oceanographic events are significant w.r.t. euphausiid productivity

12. Revisiting the 2005 Folger Passage Node proposal The component that didn't move forward consisted of real-time sampling of water properties as well as phytoplankton and euphausiid/zooplankton communities Operational aspects 1. Ground-truth sensors at Folger Passage Node. Investigative aspects 1. Use Folger Passage Node flourometers to detect increases in chlorophyll a to identify onset of a phytoplankton bloom;

13. Revisiting the 2005 Folger Passage Node proposal cont. 2. Sample physical and chemical oceanography, and phytoplankton and zooplankton/euphausiid communities, intensively through the bloom; 3. Revert to ongoing euphausiid/zooplankton monitoring after bloom subsides to monitor mid- and long-term consequences of a given bloom event; 4. Results can provide an understanding of how offshore and inshore oceanographic events generate phytoplankton blooms that are ultimately conducive to euphausiid production.

14. Benefits 1. Creating new knowledge about why biological productivity in the ocean varies; 2. Providing learning opportunities; 3. Facilitating socio-economic empowerment.