POLLUTANT MOVEMENT THROUGH AIR, LAND, AND WATER

1. POLLUTANT MOVEMENT THROUGH AIR, LAND, AND WATER Introduction to Water Lecture 1

2. Consider What is a model? How is an equation like a model?

3. What did Dora Maar look like? http://www.theage.com.au Seated Portrait Of Dora Maar, 1939 by Pablo Picasso Portrait of Dora Maar, c.1937 by Pablo Picasso ENSC 160 Fate and Transport - Water

4. Maps as Models N44° 28’ 36.27’’ W73° 11’ 41.20’’ Vermont, from actual survey [1795] Delineated & Engraved by Amos Doolittle N.H. Published in Carey's American Atlas, 1795. Google Earth ENSC 160 Fate and Transport - Water

5. What is a model? • A tool that describes something that cannot be observed directly (such as an atom) or something that is too complex to comprehend directly (like an ecosystem). • A simplification of reality.

6. Types of models • Portrayals of Emotions, Events, Persons, Things • poems, songs, paintings, dolls, etc • Portrayal and Analysis of Spatial Patterns • maps, remotely sensed images, etc. • Analysis of Spatial & Temporal Patterns • Provide insight, predictions, forecasts of future conditions • enhance understandings of processes that control dynamic behavior of eco-systems • allow comparison among alternative scenarios

7. How well do we understand the world from these “models”? Area = Length x Width q = K * dh/dx (Darcy’s Law) ENSC 160 Fate and Transport - Water

8. Points • Equations are models and as such are approximations of “reality” • The result from an equation is only as good as the error associated with the variables. • The accuracy of the predication from an equation is dependent on the user’s understanding of the equation. ENSC 160 Fate and Transport - Water

9. How much water is there on earth? • 326,000,000,000,000,000,000 gallons • 326 million trillion gallons • 1,260,000,000,000,000,000,000 liters • Global population (3 Nov 2010): 6,879,116,087 • Liters/person: 183,163,066,891 per person http://science.howstuffworks.com/question157.htm http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/popclockworld.html

10. Fresh Water (3%) Other (0.9%) Rivers (2%) Surface Water (0.3%) Swamps (11%) Ground Water (30.1%) Saline (oceans) 97% Ice Caps and Glaciers (68.1%) Lakes (87%) Fresh Water (All) Fresh Water (Available) Earth’s Water Distribution of the Earth’s Water http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html If ~half of Ground Water is available, then maybe ~0.75% of Earth’s Water is “available”.

11. World Water Balance (inches per year) P = RO + Ev RO = ROGW + ROSW What is an inch of runoff? Even at this gross level of aggregation, potential water resource problems are evident.

13. What is “consumptive use”? Water Use in the US (2000) Is it “small” or “large”? Fig 1.8 in Ward and Trimble

14. Water Use Trends by Source http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1268/

15. Water Use Trends by Sector http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1268/

16. Typical Water Use in the Home How much water do you use?

17. How much water in 12 oz can of soda? ENSC 160 Fate and Transport - Water

18. How much water in 12 oz can of soda? USGS (1976) ENSC 160 Fate and Transport - Water

19. 1 automobile 400,000 liters (106,000 gallons) 1 kilogram cotton 10,500 liters (2,400 gallons) 1 kilogram aluminum 9,000 liters (2,800 gallons) 1 kilogram grain-fed beef 7,000 liters (1,900 gallons) 1 kilogram rice 5,000 liters (1,300 gallons) 1 kilogram corn 1,500 liters (400 gallons) 1 kilogram paper 880 liters (230 gallons) 1 kilogram steel Miller (2004) Fig. 13.6, p. 298 220 liters (60 gallons) We often ‘use’ water without realizing it

20. What happens to the water we return? Ward and Trimble Table 1.7

21. We use more water than most Environment Canada (http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/e_main.html)

22. We pay lessfor water than almost anyone else Environment Canada (http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/e_main.html)

23. The basic structure of waterThe water molecule is a “dipole”

24. Water as a Solvent S. Berg, Winona College ENSC 160 Fate and Transport - Water

25. Discharge of untreated municipal sewage (nitrates and phosphates) Nitrogen compounds produced by cars and factories Natural runoff (nitrates and phosphates Discharge of detergents ( phosphates) Manure runoff From feedlots (nitrates and Phosphates, ammonia) Discharge of treated municipal sewage (primary and secondary treatment: nitrates and phosphates) Runoff from streets, lawns, and construction lots (nitrates and phosphates) Lake ecosystem nutrient overload and breakdown of chemical cycling Runoff and erosion (from from cultivation, mining, construction, and poor land use) Dissolving of nitrogen oxides (from internal combustion engines and furnaces) Miller (2004) Fig. 19.5, p. 482 Where does all the water go? Stormwater

26. Biological Condition(Phosphorus)

27. Biological Condition(Nitrogen)

28. Impaired Rivers Burton and Pitt (2002) Stormwater Effects Handbook

29. Impaired Lakes Burton and Pitt (2002) Stormwater Effects Handbook

30. Biological Condition(Taxa)

31. Why should we care? Friday, August 6, 2004 “U.S. beach closures hit 14-year high - Unsafe water caused by runoff, lack of funding, report says” • Drinking water • Irrigation • Contact (swimming, wading) • Recreation (fishing, boating) • Waste purification • Aesthetics • Ecosystem integrity Credit: Center for Watershed Protection