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Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

Rise of Dictatorial Regimes. 17-2. Rise of Dictators. 1939 – only France and GB were democracies in Europe. Totalitarian Regimes. Government controls people’s lives Economic, social, intellectual, cultural Wanted to conquer minds of the people Mass propaganda and modern communication

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Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

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  1. Rise of Dictatorial Regimes 17-2

  2. Rise of Dictators • 1939 – only France and GB were democracies in Europe

  3. Totalitarian Regimes • Government controls people’s lives • Economic, social, intellectual, cultural • Wanted to conquer minds of the people • Mass propaganda and modern communication • Single leader of single party • Rejected idea of limited gov’t • Individual freedom not allowed

  4. Consequences of Depression • People lose faith in democracy • Turn to Fascism • an extreme system of gov’t • Promise to revive economy • Punish those responsible for hard times • Restore order and pride • Attracted frustrated and angry

  5. Fascism • Militant political movement • Emphasized loyalty to state and obedience to a leader • Extreme nationalism • Nations must struggle • Peaceful states doomed to be conquered • Pledged loyalty to authoritarian leader • Brought order to the state

  6. Similar to communism • Rule by dictators • Allowed only their party to exist • Denied individual rights • State was supreme • No democracy of any kind

  7. Different from communism • No class-less society • Each class had place and function • Fascists were nationalists • Communists wanted to unite workers worldwide (internationalists)

  8. Characteristics of Fascism • Basic Principles • Authoritarianism • State more important than individual • Charismatic leader • Action oriented • Cultural • Censorship • Indoctrination • Secret police

  9. Social • Supported by middle class, industrialists, and military • Economic • Economic functions controlled by state corporations or state • Political • Nationalist • Racist • One-party rule • Supreme leader

  10. The Rise of Mussolini in Italy Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)

  11. Problems after WWI • 460,000 soldiers killed • Heavy debt • Britain and France did not give Italy the land they promised • Governments were all coalitions that couldn’t make decisions • Rising unemployment led to unrest in cities

  12. The Treaty of Versailles • Italians believed that it treated them badly. • Italy had not been given the land promised at the Secret Treaty of London. • Italy’s foreign Minister Orlando left before the conference ended, feeling humiliated.

  13. Mussolini’s Background • Newspaper editor • Known to change political positions to gain favor • Created Fascist Party in 1919 • Once considered himself a Socialist • Used general terms, such as “power and action” to explain political motives

  14. Comes from the Latin word fasces. • In ancient Rome, the fasces were cylindrical bundles of wooden rods, tied tightly together around an axe. • They symbolize unity and power. The Fasces Symbol

  15. Mussolini gains power • Promised to revive the economy • Promised to rebuild armed forces • Gained support of middle class, aristocrats and industrialists • “Blackshirts” attacked Socialists and Communists

  16. 1922 March on Rome

  17. March on Rome • 30,000 fascists • King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge in response to Communist opposition ***Mussolini obtained power legally***

  18. Il Duce • “Fascism should rightly be called Corporatism as it is a merge of state and corporate power.”~ Benito Mussolini Fascism conceives of the State s an absolute, in comparison with

  19. Life under Il Duce • Outlawed strikes • Controlled the economy by allying with industrialists and landowners • Censored radio stations and newspapers • Abolished democracy • Outlawed all political parties except Fascism • Secret police – the OVRA

  20. Cult of State Worship • The individual had no significance except as a member of the state.The fascists were taught: • Credere! [to believe] • Obbedire! [to obey] • Combattere! [to fight] “Hail to Italy, hail to Mussolini” “Mussolini is always right”

  21. Mussolini never gained control like Hitler and Stalin • Did not completely destroy old power structure • Armed forces retained some control • Victor Emmanuel III remained king

  22. Compromise w/Catholic Church • Recognized independence of Vatican City • Gave Church $ • Catholicism as “sole religion of the state” • Church urged Italians to be Fascists

  23. Authoritarian States in the West • Wanted to preserve existing order • Eastern Europe • Parliamentary systems failed • No traditions of democracy • Rural and agrarian • Illiterate peasants • Dominated by landowners

  24. Spain • Democracy fails by 1931 • Francisco Franco rises to power • 1936 - Leads military forces against democratic government • Led to brutal and bloody civil war • Franco aided by fascists in Italy and Germany

  25. Spanish Civil War ends in 1939 • Franco establishes dictatorship • Favored landowners, businesspeople, Catholic clergy • Authoritarian

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