Classification of Living Things: this week we look at the groups in red

1. Classification of Living Things: this week we look at the groups in red • Domain Prokarya— made of prokaryotic cells • Kingdom Archea • Kingdom Bacteria (eubacteria) • Domain Eukarya— made of Eukaryotic cells • “kingdom protista” • protozoans— “animal” like protists • algae— “plant like” protists • Plant Kingdom • Animal Kingdom • Fungi Kingdom

2. Terminology Photosynthetic Autotrophs: • use energy of sunlight and inorganic molecules to make their own food (energy molecules) • Photosynthesis • Uses photosynthetic pigments

3. Terminology • Heterotrophic: • Break down organic molecules for food/energy • eat other organisms (living or dead) • eat wastes of other organism

4. Terminology • Unicellular = the entire organisms (living thing) is made of just a single cell • Multicellular = the organism is made of multiple cells that are dependent on one another for the survival of the organism

5. Prokaryotes (e.g. Bacteria): • small and simple • very diverse • very successful • found everywhere • even extreme environments (boiling hot hotsprings, in ice, is super salty water….environments that would kill plants and animals) • they are abundant and widespread because simplicity makes them easily adaptable (because of high mutation rate and other forms of rapid genetic change; so new traits arise frequently)

6. Fundamental Prokaryotic Characteristics:they are small and simple • Very small (1/10th-1/1000th the size of a eukaryotic cell) • no nucleus (single circular piece of DNA is “unprotected”) • lacks all organelles except ribosomes and simple cytoskeleton • have cell wall (for shape and protection) • Unicellular Typical eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell virus

7. Prokaryotic cell structure Plasmid “additional” DNA)

8. Additional Prokaryotic Features of Note • Capable of rapid reproduction • binary fission • one cell copies its DNA and then divides to make a exact copy of itself…a clone) • from 1 to 1 billion (1,000,000,000) in 10 hours if they divide every 20 min • Can transfer DNA from one to another • conjugation • Can absorb DNA from environment • transformation • Can form resistant endospores that stay dormant until environment is good for growth again. • Can even survive clean rooms and outerspace • high mutation rate (adapt and spread quickly)

9. Binary Fission (how bacteria reproduce)Cells copy DNA and then split into two

10. Categorizing Bacteria:historically bacteria were categorized based on Lab utilizes/focuses on these • Shape • Rods (bacilli) • Spheres (cocci) • Spirals (spirilli) • metabolism • heterotrophic v. autotrophic • aerobic v. anearobic • DNA/genetics YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE THREE SHAPES BY THEIR OFFICIAL NAMES

11. Importance/Relevance of bacteria:be able to give some examples • Environmentally: • decomposers • Break down dead things to make nutrient available for other organisms • Nitrogen fixers • only organisms that can take atmospheric N2 and make it available for use by other organisms • root nodules • crop rotation • create oxygen (photosynthetic varieties) • symbiotes with other organisms • e.g., gut fermentation

12. NITROGEN CYCLE -- nitrogen passes from physical environment to producers (e.g., plants) to animals, to another animal (etc.) and returns to the physical env through waste and decomposition (of dead).

13. Importance/Relevance of bacteria:be able to give some examples • In human health • pathogens • “normal flora” • prevent infections & can influence our immune system • provide vitamins • “pro-biotics” (e.g., Activia…you know the commercials) • May alter immune function and be linked to autoimmune disorders and allergies (hygenien hypothesis & old-friends hypothesis) • May alter our fat deposition • original source of some antibiotics • Botox is made from bacterial toxin • produce flatulents and B.O.

14. Importance/Relevance of bacteria:be able to give some examples • Food/Nutrition Bacteria are used to chemical alter/change milk into things such as: • yogurt • kefer milk • cheeses • other fermented food items that are more resistant to spoiling • Some bacteria are pathogens to crop plants

15. Importance/Relevance of bacteria:be able to give some examples • Biotechnology: Genetically engineered bacteria: • production of drugs and/or hormones for human use • Are being developed to production of ethanol (a fuel) • Used to break up oil spills Other applications: • gene mining for new substances and enzymes • PCR/genetic analysis (e.g., DNA fingerprinting) • assembling nanostructures (nanotechnology)

16. Protists are: • Eukayrotic • Can be unicellular or multicellular • Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

17. The “Mostly Heterotrophic” Protists • Include: • Paramecium • Amoeba • Euglena • Plasmosdium • They are: • Unicellular • Mostly heterotrophic • Have special structure for feeding and/or to make them mobile

18. Protozoans:Animal-like protists Feeding and movement structures: • cilia (ciliates) • Flagella (flagellates) • Psuedopods (ameobas)

19. Mostly Heterotrophic Protists • You should know: • The protists covered in the lab manual • The structures each uses to feed and move with • Any details about these from the lab manual that I emphasized in lab • Also know the two organisms that plasmodium must pass through, the disease plasmodium causes, and what parts of the human body it infects.

20. Euglena Paramecium amoeba

21. Algae:plant-like protists • Photoautotrophic: • uses sunlight • Can be unicellular (e.g., diatoms) or multicellular • Traditionally classified by the color of photosynthetic pigment • the molecule that captures the energy of sunlight • Brown • Red • Green

22. Kelp Structure

23. Algae • You should know: • The examples we looked at • The structure of the “giant bladder kelp” and the function of the holdfast, air cyst, and blade • Know which are multicellular and which are unicellular • Give some examples of how Algae are commerially important/relavent

24. Relevance of algae • Base of aquatic/marine food chain • O2 production • Food for humans, e.g., nori • Commercial uses • Agar gelatin (in scientific labs) • Potential source of biofuel • Fertilizer • Bioremediation (e.g.,uptake and remove phosphates) • Source of Dyes/coloring agents • Thickening and stabilizing agents in foods, soaps, and cosmetics • Clarifying beer (“irish moss”) • Component of “personal lubricants”

25. Spirogyra (a green algae)

27. Diatoms a unicellular algae