Vinod Tare -IIT Kanpur

1. Reach Symposium Theme: Environment, Health and Life October 10-12, 2010 Technologies with Minimal Environmental Footprint: Search for Scientific Solutions with Traditional Wisdom Vinod Tare -IIT Kanpur

2. Causative Agents • Solutions • Realization – P Ban Condition of Rivers and Lakes Eutrophication

3. Causative Agents • Solutions • Realization – Ban CFCs Ozone Hole Sources that harm ozone layer

4. Present Sanitation Model Chemical Fertilizer Water Supply Food Agriculture As organic fertilizer Ground Water Surface Water Wastewater (Blackwater + Graywater) Directly used as soil-conditioner (3%) Wastewater Treatment Plant Untreated Wastewater Composting (2%) POL L U T I ON Land-Filling (95%) Sludge Partially Treated Effluent POLLUTION • Pollutes the Earth and/or Bodies of Water with the Concept “Solution to Pollution is Dilution” • Does Not Reduce Nutrient Pollution • Requires Expensive Piped Infrastructure and Treatment Facilities • …Is Unsustainable • Encourages Water Consumption

5. This doctrine has been misunderstood/inappropriately followed!Brought the concept of BOD/COD limits  30 mg/l/250 mg/l. Legalized defecation in water bodies Thirteen actions must be prohibited on arrival at the sacred water of the Ganga, namely: Defecation, ablutions, …….. A Paradigm Shift in Human Excreta Management Practices: Blend of Advanced Technologies with Traditional Wisdom “The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.” -Alvin Toffler “Rethinking the Future”

6. A Paradigm Shift Pay rather than Charge Use Rather than Waste Do business and not only Service

7. Surface Water Ground Water WaterSupply Food Reuse Agriculture Recycle As Organic Fertilizer Treatment Gray water Yellow water Blackwater Recycle Solid-Liquid Separation Composting Treatment Solid/Fecal Matter Liquid Alternative Mode - EcoSan

8. A Simple Device

9. A Simple Device: Solid-Liquid Separator

10. A Simple Device: Solid-Liquid Separator

11. The System for the Houseboats

12. Start: First Toilet at IITK Campus

13. Community Zero Discharge Toilet @ Delhi Gate Police Station - Aligarh

14. The Back End The Front End Community Zero Discharge Toilet @ Delhi Gate Police Station - Aligarh

15. First Prototype Mounted on SR 08224

16. Zero Discharge Environmental Friendly Toilet Portable Version @ Shopping Centre, IIT Kanpur

17. Schematics Representation of a Typical Community Toilet System QEW QFO Evaporation & Concentration Liquid/Powder Fertilizer Flush Water Tank QEW WLoss QF Fresh Water Tank QU + QFM QAC Pump Hand/Motor WS + WR Precomposting Solid Reactor WS Pump Hand/Motor S – L – S WR Filtered Solution Tank Recycle Slurry Tank WExcess Vermicomposting QFR Intermediate Slurry Tank Overflow Collection Tank WVC

18. Paradigm Shift • Energy from waste (as electricity from biogas) is waste of energy • Use human feces for producing quality Organic Manure than Biogas • Get Urea, Ammonia, Potash and Phosphate from Urine than Fertilizer Industries

19. At the Toilet site Transport of Fecal Slurry from the Toilet to the Humanure Plant Transfer of Fecal Slurry at the Toilet Site Back End of the Community Toilet at Aligarh

20. Treatment Plant or HumanurePlant! Mixing and Pre-composting • Excess Source Separated Flush Water • Enhanced Solar Evaporation Pond • Microbial Treatment • Chemical Treatment • – Struvite (Ca, Mg) (K, NH4) (PO4) • Co-precipitation of montgomeryite, • brucite, epsomite Vermibins

21. Plausible Recovery MT Energy Savings MW Equivalent Reduction in CO2 Emissions (Carbon Credits) MT N 1.5 2835 9.2 P 0.12 172 0.2 K 0.75 285 0.4 Total 3292 9.8 • Prevent Desertification of Dry Lands and Even Arrest Climate Changes • Cleaner Water Bodies • Quality Fertilizer • Carbon Credits Business!

22. Old Cities/Towns – Sewage is a Source of Water, Organics and Nutrients • Shift: • Disposal to Water Recycle • Oxidation of Organics to Sludge Production • Biogas to Quality Manure Reuse UV TOWNSHIP PC Wastewater Organic Fertilizer MBR Vermicomposting Agriculture FOOD Comparison of Nutrient Leakage

23. Paradigm Shift in Wastewater Treatment • High Biomass Growth  High F/M ratio  Low MLSS • Low Oxygen Requirement, Better nutrient capture; Clarification ? • Membrane Filtration  High MLSS; Membrane Performance at Low MLSS? • Subsequent combined composting-vermicomposting of excess biomass to produce good quality organic manure for agricultural use High-Growth Membrane Bioreactor

24. Lab-scale high-growth MBR Volume of reactor : 10 L Volume of hopper bottom : 2.5 L Volume of membrane housing: 7.5 L 1 aeration tank; 2 sludge zone; 3 sludge waste outlet; 4 flow controller; 5 membrane housing; 6 hollow fibre membrane; 7 suction pump; 8 compressor; and 9 air supply pipe

25. Scale-up high-growth MBR 9 9 6 7 8 8 6 6 3 5 4 1 11 10 13 2 2 12 Volume of aeration tank: 50 L 3 Section at A-A: 1 aeration tank (flow channel); 2 motor; 3 pulley; 4 belt; 5 gear box; 6 gear; 7 axle; 8 bearing; 9 rotor; 10 hollow fibre membrane; 11 PVC pipe; 12 vacuum gauge; 13 suction pump

26. Paradigm Shift in Wastewater Treatment • MLSS Window  1000 - 2500 mg/L  High F/M ratio, for better nutrient capture and effluent quality comparable to conventional MBR operation. • The activated composting-cum-vermicomposting system potentially converts and recycles sewage sludge into nutrients-rich organic fertilizer • Low availability of heavy metals: Ni>Fe>Mn>Pb>Cu≈Co>Cd≈Zn≈Cr>As

27. Thank You !