Towards Safer Roads New Frontiers for Wireless and Transport

1. Towards Safer RoadsNew Frontiers for Wireless and Transport Mahbub Hassan PROFESSOR – Computer Science and Engineering University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Keynote Speech, 2011 Saudi International Conference on Information Technology, Riyadh, 18-19 Sep

2. New Frontiers for Wireless NetworkingFrom human consumers to real-time embedded systems Embedded systems need to be aware of each others status in real-time! NOW (already very challenging) FUTURE (even more challenging)

3. Vehicular Networking and Road SafetyA New Frontier for Transport Pump vehicular data out 10 times a second • Wireless networking could save many lives (1 million people die each year from road accidents) • Very attractive proposition for Governments (new spectrum already allocated)

4. Reception probability could be as low as 30% on a 8-lane road Simple Idea, but Challenging to RealizeToo many cars, too many beacons on the airWe need smart beacon management

5. INFOTAINMENT on the RoadNew Market Opportunities But high-speed mobility poses new challenges for content delivery to a vehicular user

6. This Presentation • Overview of Our Past Research • SAFETY as well as • INFOTAINMENT • Conclusion and Future Directions

7. Our research • SAFETY (Smart Beacon Management) • Smart repetition of beacons • Adaptive position update • Leveraging beacons to improve positioning accuracy • INFOTAINMENT • Intelligent streaming for high-speed mobility • Smart radio sharing between safety & infotainment

8. Smart Repetitionof safety beacons Zhe Wang and Mahbub Hassan, “Blind XOR: Low-Overhead Loss Recovery for Vehicular Safety Communications", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, accepted with minor revision.

9. The Idea – Blind XOR • XOR multiple beacons from different vehicles into a single one  recover more beacons per repetition • XOR without trying to learn receiver status via feedback (blind XOR)  no feedback overhead A B 1 A B A⊕B 2 3 = A⊕B B A ⊕ = A⊕B A B ⊕

10. Reduces beacon failure probability by up to 60%

11. Adaptive Position Update Quanjun Chen, Salil Kanhere, and Mahbub Hassan, “Adaptive Position Update for Geographic Routing in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks", IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, under minor revision.

12. The Idea and Results • Frequency of beaconing is adapted to the location uncertainty of a mobile node Our Scheme

13. Cooperative Positioning Jun Yao, Asghar Balaei, Mahbub Hassan, Nima Alam, Andrew Dempster “Improving Cooperative Positioning for Vehicular Networks", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 60(6), July 2011.

14. The Idea of cooperative positioning • Reduce range information exchange overhead via network coding and other protocol improvements • Reduction in load reduces reception failure probability, which increases positioning accuracy

15. PDR – packet delivery ratioPAG – Positioning accuracy gain Even under dense road traffic conditions, we achieve a 2-fold reduction in beacon loss probability and 40% increase in positioning accuracy

16. Content Streaming for Vehicular Mobility Jun Yao, Salil Kanhere, and Mahbub Hassan, “Improving QoS in High-speed Mobility Using Bandwidth Maps", IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, in press (preprint - http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/TMC.2011.97).

17. Available bandwidth is sensitive to road locations 31 19 Location = 500 meter road segments (Our Sydney 3G data)

18. Content streaming to vehicular user Geo-TFRC TFRC Makes use of bandwidth knowledge per road segment No bandwidth knowledge

19. Smart Switching between Safety & Infotainment Zhe Wang and Mahbub Hassan, “How Much of DSRC is Available for Non-safety Use?", ACM VANET 2008 (in conjunction with MOBICOM 2008) Zhe Wang and Mahbub Hassan, “Context-Aware Channel Coordination for DSRC”, IEEE AUTONET 2008 (in conjunction with GLOBECOM 2008)

20. Use time and location contexts to switch DSRC between safety and infotainment We can achieve close to theoretical optimum capacity for infotainment (based on vehicle flow data for 5 locations in Sydney)

21. Conclusion (1) • Road Safety is very attractive for governments, but not much of a ‘commercial driver’ • May be slow to realize due to lack of govt. funding in some countries • Current communication-based road-safety models are ‘vehicle-centric’ (depends heavily on vehicle manufacturers and specialized road-side units to communicate specifically with vehicles) • Long penetration period (may be 15-20 years!) • May be we should investigate new communication models with reduced or no dependence on vehicle hardware, no requirement of specialized road side units, and comes with a handy commercial driver of its own

22. Conclusion (2) • Contrary to safety, infotainment has a big business driver • By 2015, content streaming will constitute more than 50% of all mobile data (market size - tens of billions of dollars) • Much of that streaming will be to moving vehicles • Infotainment does not have to rely on vehicle hardware, but would benefit from better integration of ‘road knowledge’ to networking protocols

23. Future Directions • SAFETY - Investigate new communication models • With reduced or no reliance on ‘vehicle hardware’ • With good commercial driver • INFOTAINMENT • Better integration of ‘road knowledge’ to networking protocols

24. Back up slides

25. Measurement Architecture Probe Server @ UNSW Downlink Probe Probe Trigger (every 200m) (Packet Train) Bandwidth is measured every 200 meters of a road Internet Provider B (HSDPA) Provider C (pre-wimax) Provider A (HSDPA) Probe Client

26. Measurement Hardware/Software • Off-the-shelf Hardware (Soekris) • Totally user-driven (no support from service provider)

27. Routes Taken • Two routes (inbound: 7Km & outbound: 16.5Km) • Typical urban driving speed ~70-80Kmh • 75repeated trips spread over8 months (Aug’07 – Apr’08) • Collectively 60 driving hours & 1600Km outbound inbound UNSW