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glucose glucose ATP ATP NMN NMN NMN I I I ADP ADP NMNAT NMNAT NADH NADH NAD NAD II II II III III III ATP ATP ATP NA NA IV IV IV H+ NAD NAD ATP ATP ADP PARP1 PARP1 PARP1 PARP1 PARP1 PARP1 ATP H+ NADH NADH H+ H+ NAD NAD ADP ADP ATP ATP H+ H+ The role of PARP-1 in DNA-damage induced cell death (click here) Genotoxic stress glucose ATP NAD NMNAT NADH ADP NA ATP NAD pyruvate NADH NAD CELL NECROSIS