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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomy : Scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure Physiology : Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things. Beginnings of A&P. Egypt ~3000 yrs ago - 1 st anatomy manual

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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

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  1. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy:Scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure • Physiology:Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

  2. Beginnings of A&P • Egypt ~3000 yrs ago - 1st anatomy manual • Greek physician Hippocrates (460-375 BC) - code of ethics & urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease • Galen (129-201 AD) - ___________________ • Little advancement in Middle Ages • Vesalius (1514-1564) - ____________________ • da Vinci (1452-1519) – human form • Harvey - blood flow & recycling of blood (1628)

  3. History of Anatomical Terminology • Most medical terms from Greek and Latin roots • Fast-paced anatomic discoveries during the Renaissance resulted in naming confusion • Geographic differences & eponyms • German Anatomic Society in 1895 began to unify international terminology • 1960s eponyms were rejected, but still used • Text pg G1-G2

  4. Anatomical & Physiological Variation • No two humans are exactly alike • Anatomy • Missing organs • More or less organs than normal • Variation in organ locations • Physiology • Differs with sex, age, diet, weight, degree of physical activity

  5. Homeostasis • Hippocrates noted that body normally returns to a state of equilibrium by itself • needs to detect the change & oppose it • Walter Cannon (1871-1945) coined the term homeostasis indicating stable internal environment • Internal environment at a dynamic equilibrium • fluctuates within a range around a certain set point • Loss of homeostatic control causes illness or death

  6. Negative Feedback, Set Point • Average room temperature would be ______

  7. Structures Needed for a Negative Feedback Loop • Receptor = structure that __________________ • stretch receptors in heart & large blood vessels send information of an elevated BP to integrator • Integrator = control center • cardiac center in brainstem signals heart to slow • Effector = structures (e.g., nerves & hormones) that carry out commands of the control center • heart slows and BP decreases

  8. Positive Feedback Loops • Physiological change that leads to an even greater change in the same direction (self-amplifying) • Normal way of producing rapid changes

  9. Life-Threatening Fever • If temperature rises above 108°F • metabolic rate increases causing body to produce heat faster still • Temperature increases & cycle repeats • Fatal at 113°F

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