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Marco Giammarchi Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare - Milano

Study of fundamental Laws with Antimatter at CERN. Marco Giammarchi Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare - Milano. Introduction to Antimatter From hot to cold antimatter Theoretical motivation Recent milestones The Aegis experiment Conclusions and Outlook.

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Marco Giammarchi Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare - Milano

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  1. Study of fundamental Laws with Antimatter at CERN Marco Giammarchi IstitutoNazionaleFisicaNucleare - Milano • Introduction to Antimatter • From hot to cold antimatter • Theoretical motivation • Recent milestones • The Aegis experiment • Conclusions and Outlook 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  2. Introduction to Antimatter 1928: Dirac Equation, merging Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. A relativistic invariant Equation for spin ½ particles. e.g. the electron Rest frame solutions: 4 independent states: • E>0, s=+1/2 • E>0, s=-1/2 • E<0, s= +1/2 • E<0, s= -1/2 Upon reinterpretation of negative-energy states as antiparticles of the electron: Electron, s=+1/2 Electron, s=-1/2 The positron, a particle identical to the electron e- but with a positive charge: e+. The first prediction of the relativistic quantum theory. Positron, s=1/2 Positron, s=-1/2 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  3. Every fermionic constituent has its own antiparticle (proven for every constituent, except perhaps the neutrino) Antiparticle of a constituent: same mass of the particle but opposite charge and magnetic moment Bosons might coincide with their own antiparticles Particles and antiparticles can be related through discrete symmetries (C,CP,CPT) The complete dominance of Matter over Antimatter is likely related to CP violation and the initial conditions of the Universe CPT is a symmetry relating Matter and Antimatter that could be an exact symmetry of nature. CPT violation has never been observed. 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  4. Antimatter history in a slide • 1928: relativistic equation of the ½ spin electron (Dirac) • 1929: electron sea and hole theory (Dirac) • 1931: prediction of antimatter (Dirac, Oppenheimer, Weyl) • 1932: discovery of positron in cosmic rays (Anderson) • 1933: discovery of e-/e+ creation and annihilation (Blackett, Occhialini) • 1937: symmetric theory of electrons and positrons • 1955: antiproton discovery (Segre’, Chamberlain, Wiegand) • 1956: antineutron discovery (Cork, Lambertson, Piccioni, Wenzel) • 1995: creation of high-energy antihydrogen (CERN, Fermilab) • 2002: creation of 10 K antihydrogen (Athena, Atrap) • 2011: antihydrogen confinement (Alpha) • 2013: preliminary Hbar gravity measurement (Alpha) • 2013: first Hbar beam (Asacusa) Cold Neutral Antimatter Future: study of Antimatter properties !! 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  5. From Hot to Cold Antimatter from GeV  to Kelvin What we actually want is : Cold Antimatter Why cold? Because at low energy more sensitive tests can be made on elementary constituents. And because it is the only possibility to sensitively study complex systems like Anti-atoms. Example: the study of Antihydrogen spectroscopy Charged /Neutral? Charged systems can mostly be positrons or antiprotons at low temperature. Significant limits have been obtained on CPT violation with these systems (not really covered in this talk) Neutral systems Because a neutral system is insensitive (well…less sensitive) to electromagnetic (stray) fields. More complex systems can be studied this way. Example: the study of Antimatter Gravity 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  6. AD (Antiproton Decelerator) at CERN 26 GeV protons Production Target Antiprotons 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  7. The Antiproton Decelerator slows down antiprotons by stochasting and electron cooling. The antiproton rate is, roughly: 3 x 107 antiprotons / 100 sec 5.3 MeV 104 p / 100 sec (100 ns pulse width) Typical experiment catching rate AD approved in 1997 AD ready in ~2000 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  8. Theoretical motivation Physics with Antimatter is at the very foundation of Modern Physics: CPT Physics (related to Lorentz Invariance) WEP (Weak Equivalence Principle) These conservation laws are relevant to modern gauge field theories and to the classical theory of General Relativity Guideline for this research: minuscule apparent violations of Lorentz and CPT invariance and the WEP might be observable in nature. The idea is that the violations would arise as suppressed effects from a more fundamental theory Curved spacetime effects on CPT, quantum gravity effects on the WEP Early Baryogenesis suggests that our understanding of antimatter is incomplete 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  9. CPT Theorem Charge conjugation (C) : reversing electric charge and all internal quantum numbers Parity (P): space inversion; reversal of space coordinates Time reversal (T): replacing t by –t. Reverses time derivatives Any local, Lorentz invariant Lagrangian is CPT symmetric (Lüders, Pauli 1959). CPT is proven in axiomatic Quantum Field Theory. Consequences: Particles and antiparticles have identical masses and lifetimes All internal quantum numbers of antiparticles are opposite to those of particles CPT conserved to the best of our knowledge. So why look for violations? • A test of CPT is not only a test of a discrete symmetry. It is a test of the validity of Quantum Field Theory • CPT could break down in a Quantum Theory of Gravity Experiments show to exceptionally high precision that all the basic laws of nature seem to have both Lorentz and CPT symmetry 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  10. Experimental CPT tests Requires antihydrogen at mK temperature (laser cooling) Results achieved on Hydrogen 1S-2S v=2 466 061 413 187 103 (46) Hz Natural width: 1.3 Hz Dn/n = 1.5 10-14Cold beamPRL84 5496 (2000) M. Niering et al Dn/n = 10-12Trapped H PRL 77 255 (1996) C. Cesar et al Dn/n = 10-13 GS-HFS measured to 1 mHz: 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  11. WEP: Weak Equivalence Principle The trajectory of a falling test body depends only on its initial position and velocity and is independent of its composition (a form of WEP) All bodies at the same spacetime point in a given gravitational field will undergo the same acceleration (another form of WEP) • Direct Methods: measurement of gravitational acceleration of H and Hbar in the Earth gravitational field • High-precision spectroscopy: H and Hbar are test clocks (this is also CPT test) 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  12. WEP tests on matter system 10-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 1700 1800 1900 2000 Experimental tests of the Weak Equivalence Principle • No direct measurements on gravity effects on antimatter • “Low” precision measurement (1%) will be the first one Can be done with a beam of Antiatoms flying to a detector! AEGIS first phase L H g 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  13. Recent Milestones AD1: Athena AD3: Asacusa AD5: Alpha AD7: Gbar AD2: Atrap AD4: ACE AD6: Aegis AD8: Base 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  14. Antihydrogen Detection The annihilation of antiprotons and positrons generates pions and gammas The annihilation of antiprotons and positrons generates pions and gammas. Pion annihilation points measured in the Alpha experiments 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  15. 2002: creation of 10 K antihydrogen (Athena, Atrap) • 2011: antihydrogen confinement (Alpha) • 2013: preliminary Hbar gravity measurement (Alpha) • 2013: first Hbar beam (Asacusa) Cold Neutral Antimatter Production of ~10 K Antihydrogen • Recipe for forming Anti-H • Catch antiprotons from AD • Produce positrons • Mix them up • Measure Anti-H formation ATHENA M. Amoretti et al. Nature 419 (2002) 456. ATRAP G. Gabrielse et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 213401 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  16. ATHENA apparatus Double nested potential well T=15 Kelvin Confinement of Antiprotons and Positrons in Penning Traps When Antihydrogen is formed, it will leave the trap, being detected Detection made by gammas (positron annihilation) and pions (antiproton annihilation) 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  17. Antihydrogen Confinement Confinement of Antiprotons and Positrons in a Penning trap And Confinement of AntiHydrogen in an Octupolar Magnetic Field When Antihydrogen is formed, it will leave the trap, being detected Detection made by gammas (positron annihilation) and pions (antiproton annihilation) ALPHA Andresen et al. Nature 7 (2011) 558. Amore et al. Nature 483 (2012) 439. dB/dx = 1 Tesla confines 0.67 K Anti-H 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  18. Shape of the axial electric field to confine charged particles before Anti-H formation After formation: Antihydrogen confined for 1000 seconds Breit-Rabi hyperfine diagram for Antihydrogen atoms in a magnetic field Magnetostatic trapping of Antihydrogen. Two methods of releasing the Anti-H atoms have been demonstrated: 1) Switch-off magnets  Detection of released Anti-H 2) Micro-wave release of Anti-H in the MagField 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  19. Preliminary Anti-G gravity measurement ALPHA Nature Communications DOI: 4 (2013) 1785 10.1038/ncomms2787 Let us consider Anti-H trapped in the Alpha magnetic configuration When they get released (zero field) an up-down asymmetry in the annihilation will measure the gravitational pull Based on 434 ground state Anti-H atoms confined and then released in the experiment 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  20. First Antihydrogen Beam ASACUSA N.Kuroda et al. Nature Communications DOI 10.1038/ncomms4089 Production and storage of positrons in the CUSP trap Injection of antiprotons in the CUSP trap Detection of Antihydrogen 2.7 m downstream in a magnetic field free environment 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  21. AEgIS Spectroscopy Antimatter Interferometry Experiment Gravity The Aegis Experiment Proposed : 2005 Approved by CERN : 2007 Approved by Infn Italy :2007 AEGIS: AD-6 Experiment at CERN – Geneva (CH) http://aegis.web.cern.ch/aegis/ 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  22. AEgIS concept in short Acceleration of antihydrogen. Formation of antihydrogen atoms The antihydrogen beam will fly (v~400 m/sec) through a classical moire’ deflectometer The vertical displacement (gravity fall) will be measured on the last (sensitive) plane of the deflectometer Antiprotons Positrons Antimatter Gravity first precision (percent) measurement 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  23. AEGIS STRATEGY TO PRODUCE COLD ANTIHYDROGEN • Instead of Nested Penning Trap (warm antihydrogen / highly excited antiatoms), USE Charge Exchange with Rydberg Positronium • Slow antiprotons(cold antihydrogen) • Rydberg Positronium Positronium formation Positronium excitation We do not try to confine charged particles (Penning trap) and Antihydrogen (by radial B gradients) as being done in Alpha. • Have a charged particle trap only g measurement • Form a neutral (antihydrogen) beam • Confine only neutrals (future) (CPT physics) 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  24. Ultracold Antiprotons • The CERN AD (Antiproton Decelerator) delivers 3 x 107 antiprotons / 80 sec Antiprotons Production GeV Deceleration MeV Trapping keV Cooling eV • Antiprotons catching in cylindrical Penning traps after energy degrader • Catching of antiprotons within a 3 Tesla magnetic field, UHV, 4 Kelvin, e- cooling • Stacking several AD shots (104/105 subeV antiprotons) • Transfer in the Antihydrogen formation region (1 Tesla, 100 mK) • Resistive cooling based on high-Q resonant circuits • Sympathetic cooling with laser cooled Os- (or La- ions) • Cooling antiprotons down to 100 mK • 105 antiprotons ready for Antihydrogen production U. Warring et al., PRL 102 (2009) 043001 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  25. (A) (B) e+ p + e+ H + hn p + e+ + e+ H + e+ p p + Ps* H + e- Production Methods I. ANTIPROTON + POSITRON (exp.demonstration: ATHENA and ATRAP) EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS: • TBR seems to be the dominant process (highly exicited antihydrogen) • Warm antihydrogen atoms (production when vantiproton~ vpositron) II. ANTIPROTON + RYDBERG POSITRONIUM (exp.demonstration: ATRAP) PROMISING TECHNIQUE: • Control of the antihydrogen quantum state • Cold antihydrogen atoms (vantihydrogen~ vantiproton) Production Method in AEGIS 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  26. Vacuum Solid Positron beam Positronium emission Ps Ps Ps Ps Positrons and Positronium (Ps) production Technique: have a bunch of 108 e+ in 20 ns Have them impinge at ~keV energy on a (likely porous Silica) target Orto-Ps produced in the bulk and “thermalized” by collision on pore walls Ps used for the reaction: 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  27. Stark acceleration Energy levels of H in an electric field : AEGIS: acceleration of Hbar by means of an inhomogeneous time dependent electric field (though the Stark effect) Experiments done at ETH have shown that a Rydberg H beam with a 700 m/s velocity and n=15-40 can be stopped in 5μs over a 1.8 mm distance 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  28. Moire’ deflectometer and detector AEGIS experimental strategy 1) Produce ultracold antiprotons (100 mK) 2) Accumulate e+ 3) Form Ps by interaction of e+ with porous target 4) Laser excite Ps to get Rydberg Ps 5) Form Rydberg cold (100 mK) antihydrogen by 6) Form a beam using an inhomogeneous electric field to accelerate the Rydberg antihydrogen 7) The beam flies toward the deflectometer which introduces a spatial modulation in the distribution of the Hbar arriving on the detector 8) Extract g from this modulated distribution Cold antiprotons Porous target e+ 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  29. AEGIS : installation of the detector during 2012 September 2011 June 2012 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  30. AEGIS : the positron system Positron system and accumulator installed and tested during 2012 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  31. Installation of the AEGIS detector system between the 5 and 1 T magnets 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  32. AEGIS : the installation of the central detector Antiproton and positron traps 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  33. The 5 Testla main flange installation 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  34. AEGIS : the laser system F. Castelli et al., Phys. Rev. A 78 (2008) 052512 S. Cialdi et al., NIM B 269 (2011) 1527 June 2012 (Milano) May 2013 (CERN) 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  35. AEGIS: pulsed production of Anti-Hydrogen and free fall measurement. How does it work? Surko trap & accumulator 22Na e+ source mixing chamber p trap Moiré deflectometer AD beam 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  36. AEGIS Collaboration S. Aghiona,b, O. Ahlénc, C. Amslerd, A. Arigad, T. Arigad, A. S. Belove, G. Bonomif,g, P. Bräunigh, J. Bremerc, R. S. Brusai, G. Burghartc, L. Cabaretj, M. Cacciab, C. Canalik, R. Caravital,b, F. Castellil, G. Cerchiaril,b, S. Cialdil, D. Comparatj, G. Consolatim,b, L. Dassaf, J. H. Derkingc, S. Di Domizion, L. Di Notoi, M. Doserc, A. Dudarevc, A. Ereditatod, R. Ferraguta,b, A. Fontanag, P. Genovag, M. Giammarchib, A. Gligorovao, S. N. Gninenkoe, S. Haiderc, S. D. Hoganp, T. Huseq, E. Jordanr, L. V. Jørgensenc, T. Kaltenbacherc, J. Kawadad, A. Kellerbauerr, M. Kimurad, A. Knechtc, D. Krasnickýn,s, V. Lagomarsinos, S. Mariazzii, V. A. Matveeve,t, F. Merktu, F. Moiaa,b, G. Nebbiav, P. Nédélecw, M. K. Oberthalerh, N. Pacificoo, V. Petrácekx, C. Pistillod, F. Prelzb, M. Prevedelliy, C. Regenfusk, C. Riccardig,z, O. Røhneq, A. Rotondig,z, H. Sandakero, P. Scampolid,aa, J. Storeyd, M. A. Subieta Vasquezf,g, M. Špacekx, G. Testeran, D.Trezzib, R. Vaccaronen, F. Villal and S. Zavatarellin. aPolitecnico di Milano, LNESS and Dept of Physics bIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez.di Milano cEuropean Organisation for Nuclear Research dAlbert Einstein Center , University of Bern eINResearch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow fUniversity of Brescia, Dept of Mech. and Indust. Engineering gIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Pavia hUniversity of Heidelberg, Kirchhoff Institute for Physics iDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento and INFN Padova jLaboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris Sud kUniversity of Zurich, Physics Institute lUniversity of Milano, Dept of Physics mPolitecnico di Milano, Dept of Aerospace Sci. and Tech nIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy oUniversity College London, Dept of Physics and Astronomy pUniversity of Bergen, Dep. Of Physics, Norway qUniversity of Oslo, Dept of Physics, Norway rMax Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics,Heidelberg sUniversity of Genoa, Dept of Physics tJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia uETH Zurich, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry vIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Padova wClaude Bernard University Lyon 1, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon xCzech Technical University in Prague yUniversity of Bologna, Dept of Physics zUniversity of Pavia, Dept of Nuclear and Theoretical Physics, Via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy aaUniversity of Napoli Federico II, Dept. of Physics 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  37. Antihydrogen fall and detection AEgIS realistic numbers: - horizontal flight path L ~ 1 m - horizontal velocity vz ~ 500 m/s vertical deflection ~ 20 μm BUT: - antihydrogen has a radial velocity (related to the temperature) - any anti-atom falls by 20 μm, but, in addition it can go up or down by few cm - beam radial size after 1 m flight ~ several cm (poor beam collimation) DISPLACEMENT DUE TO GRAVITY IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DETECT IN THIS WAY 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  38. Let us collimate! Position sensitive detector cm 100 μm slit Now displacement easily detectable. At the price of a huge loss in acceptance Acceptance can be increased by having several holes. In doing so new possible paths show up L2 L1 Let us collimate! cm If L1 = L2 the new paths add up to the previous information on the 3rd plane 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  39. Based on a totally geometric principle, the device is insensitive to a bad collimation of the incoming beam (which however will affect its acceptance) Moiré Deflectometry is an interferometry technique, in which the object to be tested (either phase object or secular surface) is mounted in the course of a collimated beam followed by a pair of transmission gratings placed at a distance from each other. The resulting fringe pattern, i.e., the moiré deflectogram, is a map of ray deflections corresponding to the optical properties of the inspected object. 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  40. newposition-sensitive detector (to detect antihydrogen annihilation) upgraded version Collimation of the beam with a classical Moiré deflectometer 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  41. annihilation hit position on the final detector (in x/a units) annihilation hit position on the final detector (in x/a units, modulo grating period a) Δo(calculated experimentally) moiré deflectometer X counts (a.u.) slit solid slit Z Grating transparency = 30% (total transmission 9%) -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5(x/a) grating slits shadow 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 x/a ]a Moiré deflectometer Suppose: - L = 40 cm - grating period a = 80 μm - grating size = 20 cm (2500 slits) - no gravity fringes depends on the alignement between the gratings, and on the alignment between them and the center of the antihydrogen cloud. It is indepentend to the radial antihydrogen velocity and profile counts (a.u.) 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  42. annihilation hit position on the final detector (in a units) annihilation hit position on the final detector (in a units, modulo grating period a) moiré deflectometer X counts (a.u.) solid grating slits shadow Z Grating transparency = 30% (total transmission 9%) -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5(x/a) 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 x/a ]a counts (a.u.) Moiré deflectometer Suppose: - L = 40 cm - grating period a = 80 μm - grating size = 20 cm (2500 slits) - gravity beam horizontal velocity vz = 600 m/s vz = 250 m/s fringe shift slit slit Fringe shift ! 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  43. Out beam is not monochromatic (T varies quite a lot) T2 v counts (a.u.) counts (a.u.) ms2 m/s ➠ AEGIS Holy Grail : 1% measurement of g for Antimatter….. Goal for 2016 Moiré deflectometer fringe shift of the shadow image T = time of flight = [tSTARK - tDET] (L~ 1 m, v ~ 500 m/s ➠T ~ 2 ms) Binning antihydrogens with mean velocity of 600-550-500-450-400-350-300-250-200 m/s, and plotting δ as a function of ➠ δ (a.u.) g comes from the fit time of flight T (s) 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  44. AEGIS : the 2012 run From May to December 2012 Installation of apparatus (took place during the run) Physics results? • Antiproton trapping capability in the 5 Tesla system • Positron system developments • Operation of emulsions with antiprotons • Measurement of atto-Newton (10^-18 Newton) forces acting on antiprotons 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  45. Nuclear Emulsions in vacuum: Antiprotons detected at the end of the 1 T Work in vacuum: solve the cracking problem Glicerine treatment 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  46. Detection of attoNewton forces (in preparation): AEGIS Antiproton beam Mini-moirè deflectometer Nuclear Emusion detector Recent selected bibliography: • M. Doser et al. Exploring the WEP with a pulsedbeam of antihydrogen. Classical and Quantum Gravity 29 (2012) 184009. • AEgIS Experiment Commissioning at CERN, AIP Conf. Proc. 1521, 144 (2013) • M. Kimura et al., Development of nuclear emulsions with 1 μm spatial resolution for the AEgIS experiment doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2013.04.082 • S. Aghion et al., Detection of attonewtonforcesacting on antiprotons. To be submitted. AEGIS 2014 program : H-bar formation (charge exchange), Positronium physics 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  47. Conclusiond and Outlook Physics at the Antiproton Decelerator will make it possible to study Antiatoms in a variety of ways. Testing of physical laws with Antimatter. Current experiments are limited by antiproton statistics, which will be increased by a factor 100 by the installation of ELENA (2016). ELENA: Extra Low Energy Antiproton Ring Will cool and accumulate Antiprotons after the AD : 5.3 MeV  0.1 MeV Expect news from properties of Antiatoms from: ALPHA ASACUSA GBAR ATRAP AEGIS BASE Thank you for your attention 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  48. Backup slides 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  49. AEGIS Collaboration CERN, Geneva, Switzerland M. Doser, J. Bremer, G. Burkhart, A. Dudarev, T. Eisel, S. Haider, L. Dassa LAPP, Annecy, France. P. Nédélec, D. Sillou Queen’s U Belfast, UK G. Gribakin, H. R. J. Walters INFN Firenze, Italy G. Ferrari, M. Prevedelli, G. M. Tino INFN Genova, University of Genova, Italy C. Carraro, V. Lagomarsino, G. Manuzio, G. Testera, S. Zavatarelli INFN Milano, University of Milano, Italy F. Castelli, S. Cialdi, M. G. Giammarchi, D. Trezzi , F. Villa INFN Padova/Trento, Univ. Padova, Univ. Trento, Italy R. S. Brusa, D. Fabris, M. Lunardon, S. Mariazzi, S. Moretto, G. Nebbia, S. Pesente, G. Viesti INFN Pavia – Italy University of Brescia, University of Pavia G. Bonomi, A. Fontana, A. Rotondi, M. Subieta MPI- K, Heidelberg, Germany C. Canali, R. Heyne, A. Kellerbauer, C. Morhard, U. Warring Kirchhoff Institute of Physics U of Heidelberg, Germany M. K. Oberthaler INFN Milano, Politecnico di Milano, Italy G. Consolati, A. Dupasquier, R. Ferragut, F. Quasso INR, Moscow, Russia A. S. Belov, S. N. Gninenko, V. A. Matveev, A. V. Turbabin ITHEP, Moscow, RussiaV. M. Byakov, S. V. Stepanov, D. S. Zvezhinskij Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, Orsay, FranceL. Cabaret, D. Comparat University of Oslo, Norway O. Rohne, S. Stapnes CEA Saclay, France M. Chappellier, M. de Combarieu, P. Forget, P. Pari INRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria N. Djourelov Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic V. Petráček ETH Zurich, Switzerland S. D. Hogan, F. Merkt Institute for Nuclear Problems of the Belarus StateUniversity, Belarus G. Drobychev 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

  50. Weak Equivalence Principle: Matter/Antimatter According to General Relativity a particle and an antiparticle should have the same acceleration in a given gravitational field However, in quantum theories of gravity, one naturally has : • spin-0 (graviscalar) attractive for particles of the same “charge” • spin-1 (gravivector) repulsive for particles of the same “charge” • spin-2 (graviton) attractive for particles of the same “charge” Matter : Graviscalar – Gravivector = 0 25-Mar-2014 - La Sapienza

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