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Exploring the cost and complexity of fabricating items, pushing the boundaries of replication and material placement. From semiconductors to DNA synthesis and printed electronics, uncover the intricacies governing production processes and potential future directions in manufacturing.
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MAS.961 How To Make Something That Makes (Almost) Anything Complexity, Self Replication and all that… jacobson@media.mit.edu
What governs the cost of placing atoms where we want them? What are the limits? Si Wafer with Area sufficient for 2 Billion Transistors Cost: ~$0.50 Flash Memory Transistor Count: 2B Cost: ~$3 Itanium Quad Tukwila Transistor Count: 2B Cost: ~$100 NetBook Cost: ~$200 Sand (Chips and Screen) Cost: ~$0 Plastic Resin / Metal Ore Cost: ~$4
Fabricational Complexity Where is the yield per fabricational step A G T C G C A A T N Fabricational Complexity for N-mer or M Types = Fabricational Cost for N-mer = Fabricational Complexity Per Unit Cost Complexity Per Unit Cost Complexity Per Unit Time*Energy
Fabricational Complexity Application: Why Are There 20 Amino Acids in Biology? (What is the right balance between Codon code redundancy and diversity?) N Blocks of Q Types Question:Given N monomeric building blocks of Q different types, what is the optimal number of different types of building blocks Q which maximizes the complexity of the ensemble of all possible constructs? The complexion for the total number of different ways to arrange N blocks of Q different types (where each type has the same number) is given by: . And the complexity is: For a given polymer length N we can ask which Q* achieves the half max for complexity such that:
Fabricational Complexity Application: Identifying New Manufacturing Approach for Semiconductors …Can we use this map as a guide towards future directions in fabrication?
Printed Electronics Lithography Printed Electronics + Liquid Inorganic Semiconductors[1] High Speed Printing ~ 3Weeks of 7x24 Processing ~Minutes [1] Ridley et al., Science, 286, 746 (1999) Science 297,416 (2000)
Fabricational Complexity …Can we use this map as a guide towards future directions in fabrication?
DNA Synthesis template dependant 5'-3' primer extension 3'-5' proofreading exonuclease 5'-3' error-correcting exonuclease Example: [A] Synthesize 1500 Nucleotide Base Gene. Error Rate = 0.99 (0.99)1500 ~ 10-7. [B] 3000 Nucleotide Base Gene. (0.99)3000 ~ 10-13.
Fabricational Complexity Per Unit Cost 2 Ply Error Correction Non Error Correcting: A G T C 2Ply Error Correcting: A G T C A G T C p=0.99
Fabricational Complexity Per Unit Cost 3 Ply Error Correction (c) (a) (b) Non Error Correcting: A G T C 3Ply Error Correcting: A G T C A G T C , For values of A G T C and R increases exponentially with N.
Resources for Exponential Scaling Resources which increase the complexity of a system exponentially with a linear addition of resources 1] Error Correcting Fabrication 2] Fault Tolerant Hardware Architectures 3] Fault Tolerant Software or Codes 4] Quantum Phase Space
Advanced_Automation_for_Space_Missions_figure_5-29.gif Self-Replicating Systems
Information Poor Replication Autocatalytic Chemistry Replicated Parts Lack Complexity
Information Rich Replication (Non-Protein Biochemical Systems) J. Szostak, Nature,409, Jan. 2001
Replication Cycle Parts + + + Template + + + Machine Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Threshold for Life What is the Threshold for Self Replicating Systems? Measurement Theory DNA Error Correcting Exonuclease (Ruler) Watson Crick .18 nm /sandwalk.blogspot.com/2007/12/dna-denaturation-and-renaturation-and.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stem-loop.svg How Well Can N Molecules Measure Distance? Probability of Self Replication Number of Nucleotides
Threshold for Life Generalized Theory Measurement Theory Machine of N Blocks at Temperature T Measures the Correctness of the new added block. Energy: Energy consumption per replication (dominated by measurement just like in Szilard Maxwell’s Demon): Must Determine size (position) to within 1 atom: Heisenberg limit: lambda / number of photons 0.1 nm = 5000 * 500nm photons ~ 5 Kev per addition Number of Building Blocks: N Block machine must serve as a stable reference point to make measurement on the new added block.
Autonomous self replicating machines from random building blocks
Mechrep Emthingy Rep5mer In Presentations/Saul
Mean-Green von Neumann Machine • X Prize Rules • Prize Awarded to First Team to construct multiple copies of a machine that: • Consumes readly available raw materials (garbage,rocks, soil, air, water) • 2. Produces renewable energy at reasonable area/power (concentrated solar,photovoltaic cells, wind) • 3. Manufactures every part required to replicate itself