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What makes something living,…

What makes something living,…. living?. Does it have to…. c onsume oxygen??. Does it have to…. b e able to move??. Does it have to…. be able to think??. Does it have to…. g row??. Does it have to…. c onsume food??. Does it have to…. h ave a heart??. Does it have to…. r eproduce??.

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What makes something living,…

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  1. What makes something living,… living?

  2. Does it have to… consume oxygen??

  3. Does it have to… be able to move??

  4. Does it have to… be able to think??

  5. Does it have to… grow??

  6. Does it have to… consume food??

  7. Does it have to… have a heart??

  8. Does it have to… reproduce??

  9. Does it have to… be able to die??

  10. Hmmm…????? Use these questions and work with your neighbor to compile a list of the Characteristics of Life (Hint: There are six total!)

  11. 1. Contain Cells • All living things are composed of cells that contain hereditary information (DNA) • In multicellular organisms, cells are specialized for the job that they perform • Cells are the smallest unit of life…so each cell contains the characteristics of life Nerve Cell Skin Cell

  12. 2. Organization Click here for how it works! • All living things are highly organized. • Cell structures carry out particular functions.**Structure equals function!** • Multicellular Organisms: cells are grouped by their function • Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems

  13. 3. Energy Use • All living things use energy in order to: • Maintain their organization • Grow • Reproduce • Metabolism: chemical process of breaking down materials for energy

  14. 4. Maintain Internal Conditions • All living things, even single cells, work to maintain a steady internal environment • Homeostasis: process of maintaining these conditions • Water level in cells • Temperature Click to see how!

  15. 5. Growth and Development • All living things grow as a result of cell division and cell enlargement. • Unicellular (single-celled organisms): Simply an increase in size • Multicellular (many-celled organisms): Develop from one cell into many through cell division (differentiation and different functions)

  16. 6. Reproduction • Reproduction (transmitting hereditary information to offspring) is not essential to the survival of an individual organism-it is essential for the continuation of the species. • Two types: • Sexual: cells from two different parents unite to form a new cell • Asexual: new cell formed from a single cell

  17. Scientific Method • Observe • Ask a Question • Collect Data (background information) • Form a Hypothesis • Experiment • Draw Conclusion • Communicate

  18. Variables • Independent Variable- manipulated, the variable that is changed • Dependent Variable- responding, the variable that changes in response to the independent variable

  19. Microscope and Measurement • Compound Light Microscope • Magnification: • Increase of the image’s apparent size • Resolution: • The power to show details clearly

  20. Eyepiece/Ocular Lens Parts of Microscope Revolving Nosepiece Objective lenses Arm Stage/Stage Clips Diaphragm/Condenser Course Adjustment Fine Adjustment Lamp Base

  21. High=40X; Low=10X; Scanning=4X Changes objective lenses Directs light into microscope Focuses the light Amount of light entering the microscope Look through; lens inside is 10X Brings objective into slow focus Carry and support (2 items) Supports the slide; positions the slide Brings object into rapid focus

  22. So How Do We Use It?? Click on the scientist to see Now let’s do the lab!

  23. Working Space on a Light Microscope • Depth of Field: Area between lens and stage • Field of View: Area seen through the microscope • Calculated by the equation: Total Mag A X Diameter A = Diameter B Total Mag B

  24. Practice Problems • Calculate… Total magnification at: -High Power -Low Power -Scanning

  25. Ocular x Objective • High = 10x40 = 400 • Low = 10x10 = 100 • Scanning = 10x4 = 40

  26. Practice Problems • Calculate….. If a cell measures 20 um at 100X, what is the length of the cell at 200X?

  27. 100 X 20 um =200 10 um

  28. Practice Problems • Calculate… If the field diameter at scanning power measures 5 um, what is the field diameter at low and high power?

  29. Low 40 X 5 um = 2 um100 High 40 X 5 um = 1 um 200

  30. Electron Microscope • A beam of electrons produces an enlarged image of the specimen. • Types: • TEM: Transmission Electron Microscope • SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope

  31. TEM Can view the internal structure of an organism Magnifies up to 200,000 times

  32. Images under TEM Lung Spinach Chloroplast

  33. Rat Nerve Mouse Kidney

  34. Sperm and Egg

  35. Under an SEM Pollen Lung

  36. SEM View the surface of an object Magnifies up to 100,000 times

  37. Under an SEM Leaf Vein Staple through paper

  38. Under an SEM Toilet paper Hypodermic needle

  39. Under an SEM Mascara brush with flakes of skin and bacteria

  40. Under an SEM Sperm and Egg

  41. Comparisons TEM SEM • Disadvantages of an electron miscroscope: • Very expensive • Cannot be used to view to a living specimen • Can be large in size

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