Practical English, Book II

1. Practical English, Book II Unit 4 Part A What Is Culture?

2. Unit 4: Part A • Text A • Practice

3. Unit 4: Part A • Text-related Information • Pre-reading Activity • Intensive Study

4. Text-related Information • What is culture • Culture in general • Culture to the anthropologists’ minds • The Flathead Indians of North America

5. Text-related Information Culture is the beliefs, behavior, language, and entire ways of life of a particular time or group of people. It includes customs, ceremonies, works of art, inventions, technology, and traditions. Anthropologists and other social scientists define human culture as learned behavior acquired by individuals as members of a social group.

6. Text-related Information Culturecovers a great range of meanings Mona Lisa oil painting by Leonardo da Vinci

7. Text-related Information Culturecovers a great range of meanings Discobolos Roman marble copy of Greek bronze by Myron

8. Text-related Information Culturecovers a great range of meanings The Last Supper oil painting by Tintoretto

9. Text-related Information Cultureto anthropologists’ minds refers to the total pattern of beliefs, customs, institutions, objects, and techniques that characterize the life of a human community. Grand Basilica of the Vatican The central church of Roman Catholicism, Basilica di San Pietro, or Saint Peter’s Basilica, in Vatican City (Holy See) stands on the site where Saint Peter is believed to have been buried. It has been used for papal ceremonies since 1870.

10. Text-related Information Cultureto anthropologists’ minds refers to the total pattern of beliefs, customs, institutions, objects, and techniques that characterize the life of a human community. Venice’s Many Boats Travel by boat is part of the attraction of romantic Venice. Ornately decorated vessels such as this one are used for special festivals and celebrations.

11. Text-related Information Cultureto anthropologists’ minds refers to the total pattern of beliefs, customs, institutions, objects, and techniques that characterize the life of a human community. Bride and Bridesmaids Most Northern Ireland couples marry in their mid-20s, the women typically a couple of years earlier than the men. Marriage, like many social institutions in Northern Ireland, tends to follow a more traditional model than in the rest of the United Kingdom.

12. Text-related Information Cultureto anthropologists’ minds refers to the total pattern of beliefs, customs, institutions, objects, and techniques that characterize the life of a human community. Spanish Matador Modern bullfighting originated in the region of Andalucía, in southern Spain, in the 18th century. One of Spain’s most famous bullrings is the Maestranza in the Andalusian city of Seville. Today Madrid and Seville are considered the centers of bullfighting in Spain.

13. Text-related Information Cultureto anthropologists’ minds refers to the total pattern of beliefs, customs, institutions, objects, and techniques that characterize the life of a human community. Women’s Traditional Roles Within India’s many different culture groups, women share important roles. They are responsible for preserving and maintaining a family’s rituals and traditions. They prepare food and serve meals, always working to ensure the purity of the food, which plays a significant role in the nation’s culture.

14. Text-related Information The name Flathead was given to the Salish by other Native American tribes along the Columbia River to the west, who compressed the heads of their babies into a peak by means of a cone-shaped wicker headpieces.

15. Pre-reading Activities • What is the general meaning of the word “culture”? • What does the word “culture” mean for those who study humankind?

16. Pre-reading Activities The word “culture” has many different meanings. For example, we sometimes say that people who know about art, music, and literature are cultured.

17. Pre-reading Activities To an anthropologist the word culture means all the ways in which a group of people act, dress, think, and feel.

18. Intensive Study • Outline of the Text • Language Points • Summary of the Text

19. Intensive Study • The Concept of Culture (Paras. 1-4) • The diversity of Culture (Paras. 5-7) • The Author’s Conclusion (Para. 8)

20. Intensive Study • An entire way of life of a society, or of a people ( Para. 1 ) • Learned behavior rather than instinctive behavior ( Paras. 2-3) 3. Different cultures with different patterns of life ( Para. 4 )

21. Intensive Study • Views towards different cultures ( Para. 5 ) • Ideas of what is beautiful in different cultures ( Para. 6) 3. Ways of treating dead bodies in different cultures ( Para. 7 )

22. Intensive Study Different cultures have different ways of life, which are neither right nor wrong, for it is simply that different people do the same things in different ways.

23. Intensive Study What Is Culture? 1 The word “culture” has many different meanings. For example, we sometimes say that people who know about art, music, and literature are cultured. However, the word culture has a different meaning for anthropologists (people who study humankind). To an anthropologist the word culture means all the ways in which a group of people act, dress, think, and feel. People have to learn the cultural ways of their community: they are not something that the people in the groupare born with.

24. Intensive Study 2Instinctive behaviour, on the other hand, is a pattern of behaviour that an animal is born with. Spiders spinning their webs is an example of instinctive behaviour. The mother spider does not teach her babies how to spin webs. (In fact, she is not even there when they are born.) They know how to do it when they are born. This is what we mean by instinctive behaviour.

25. Intensive Study 3 As humans, we learn some of the ways of our culture by being taught by our teachers or parents. We learn more of the ways of our culture by growing up in it. We see how other people in our culture do things, and we do them the same way. We even learn how to think and feel in this way.

26. Intensive Study 4 All human beings have certain basic needs, such as eating, drinking, keeping warm and dry, and so on. However, the way in which they take care of these needs depends on the culture in which they grow up. All cultures have ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, marrying, and dealing with death. The foods that we think are good to eat, the kinds of clothes we wear, and how many people we can marry at one time are all parts of our culture.

27. Intensive Study 5 Our own culture seems very natural to us. We feel in our hearts that the way that we do things is the only right way to do them. Other people’s cultures often make us laugh or feel disgusted or shocked. We may laugh at clothing that seems ridiculous to us. Many people think that eating octopus or a juicy red piece of roast beef is disgusting. The idea that a man can have more than one wife or that brothers and sisters can marry each other may shock other cultures.

28. Intensive Study 6 Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness.

29. Intensive Study 7 When people die, different cultures dispose of their bodies in different ways. Sometimes bodies are burned. Sometimes bodies are buried in the ground. In many cultures in the past, people were buried with food, weapons, jewellery, and other things that might be useful in the next life. For example, the ancient Egyptians buried people with little human figures made form clay. These clay figures were supposed to work for the dead person in the other world. A religious group called the Parses exposed their dead on platforms for birds to eat. Some people practice a second burial. After the bodies have been in the earth for several years, the bones are dug up and reburied, sometimes in a small container.

30. Intensive Study 8 These are just a few of the many different customs that are found in different cultures. Most of the time, the different ways that are the customs of different cultures are neither right nor wrong. It is simply that different people do the same things in different ways.

31. cultured Summary of “Culture” as a n. • activities that are related to art, music, literature, etc. FOR EXAMPLE • If it’s the culture you’re looking for, the city has plenty of museums and art galleries. 如果那就是您在寻求的“文化”，那我们这个城里还有很多很多的博物馆和艺术画廊。

32. cultured Summary of “Culture” as a n. • the ideas, beliefs, and customs that are shared and accepted by people in a society FOR EXAMPLE • Our culture teaches us to hide a lot of our true feelings. 我们的文化习惯教会我们不要轻易流露出真实的情感。

33. cultured “Culture” as a v. “Cultured” as an adj. to educate or train (sb) so that he or she is interested in art, music, literature, etc. FOR EXAMPLE • He is a cultured man who knows a lot about music and dance. 他很有修养，对音乐和舞蹈颇有研究。

34. community:a group of people living together and / or united by shared interests, religion, nationality, etc. FOR EXAMPLE a civilized community 文明社会 a religious community 宗教团体 the Chinese community in New York 纽约华侨(界)

35. community: a group of people living together and / or united by shared interests, religion, nationality, etc. FOR EXAMPLE • The community is concerned about crime. 该社区 / 地区的人们担心犯罪问题。

36. they refers to refers to the cultural ways of the community

37. the group refers to refers to their community

38. be born with: to have (sth) from birth FOR EXAMPLE • One of the factors that determine an individual’s intelligence is the sort of brain he is born with. 决定一个人智力状况的因素之一是他与生俱来的大脑类型。

39. be born with: to have (sth) from birth FOR EXAMPLE • It is said that no amount of special education can make a genius out of a child born with low intelligence. 据说，将一天生智力低下的儿童变为天才，无论多少专门的教育也无济于事。

40. instinctivebehaviour instinct: the force in animals at birth which causes certain behaviour patterns, such as nest-building, which are not based on learning or thinking the force in animals at birth which causes certain behaviour patterns, such as nest-building, which are not based on learning or thinking the force in animals at birth which causes certain behaviour patterns, such as nest-building, which are not based on learning or thinking Originally, “impulse” fr. L. FOR EXAMPLE • Some animals hunt by instinct. 有些动物天生就会猎食。

41. instinctivebehaviour FOR EXAMPLE • Most animals have an instinct to protect their young. 多数动物都有保护幼仔的本能。

42. instinctivebehaviour instinct ive instinctive + resulting from instinct; performed before thinking FOR EXAMPLE instinctive fear of snakes 天生怕蛇 instinctive behaviour 本能行为

43. instinctivebehaviour FOR EXAMPLE • His instinctive action to the falling rock was to run from it. 石头滚落下来，他的第一个反应就是赶快跑。

44. a pattern of • a person or thing that is an excellent example to copy • a regularly repeated arrangement (esp. of ornamental lines, shapes, or colours on a surface, or of sounds, words, etc. • the way in which something happens or develops… pattern THINK AND TRANSLATE The cloth has a pattern of red and white square. 这种布料的图案是红白相间方块。

45. a pattern of THINK AND TRANSLATE This company is a pattern of what a good company should be. 这个公司是优秀公司标准的典范。

46. a pattern of THINK AND TRANSLATE The illness is not following its usual pattern. 这种疾病违背了其常规。

47. Spiders spinning their webs… Nominal –ing Clause spiders spinning their webs spiders spinning their webs spiders spinning their webs spiders spinning their webs subj. pred. obj. Spiders spin their webs.

48. Spiders spinning their webs… Wang(’s) going there won’t help much. 王到那里去，起不了什么作用。 THINK AND TRANSLATE

49. Spiders spinning their webs… THINK AND TRANSLATE It is no use your telling me not to worry. 你叫我别着急也没用。

50. Spiders spinning their webs… THINK AND TRANSLATE Would you mind my / measking you a question? 我可以向你提个问题吗。