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Chapter 15

Chapter 15. Sexual Victimization. Why Is Our Rape Rate So High?. Rape : nonconsensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration obtained by force, threat, or when victim is incapable of giving consent U.S. rape rate higher than other countries for many years Why?. Historical Perspective.

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 Sexual Victimization

  2. Why Is Our Rape Rate So High? Rape: nonconsensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration obtained by force, threat, or when victim is incapable of giving consent U.S. rape rate higher than other countries for many years Why?

  3. Historical Perspective

  4. Rape Statistics Rape is possibly most underreported crime in U.S. U.S. rape rates peaked in 1992 and declined 13% to 22% women forced into sex at least once Women are more likely to report rape by stranger than by familiar other

  5. Who Is Raped and by Whom?

  6. Relationships Between Rapists and Their Victims

  7. Some Characteristics of Rapists Young repeat-offender male Typical range of IQ and incidence of psychiatric illness Lack of internal controls such as fear, guilt, or sympathy Strong, negative, hostile attitudes about women Lack of empathy for victim’s perspective

  8. Developmental History of Rapists Two developmental factors: How do you think these factors influence the development of rapists?

  9. Personal Reflections Have you ever used sexual coercion to have sex with someone when she or he did not want to? If so, why do you suppose you act like this? What effects might your behavior have on those you coerce?

  10. Date Rape is Real Rape! For victims of rape or child molestation, just listening to a lecture about sexual abuse can bring back bad memories and upsetting emotions.

  11. Date Rape Date rape: rape by date or acquaintance Victim characteristics Reporting incidence by victim type Under- and non-reporting Common date rape drugs

  12. Sexual Coercion Sexual coercion: act of forcing another person into unwanted sexual activity by physical, emotional or verbal pressure Illegal in many states “Reasonable woman” standard used to determine if sex was consensual or coerced

  13. Date Rape and Sexual Coercion Role of communication: Some unwanted sexual experiences due to poor communication skills Token resistance: women say “no” even when they mean “yes,” to avoid appearing too “easy” Compliance: agreeing to sexual activity when you do not really want to

  14. Personal Reflections Men: Have you ever ignored a date or acquaintance saying “no” to your sexual advances? Why? Women: Have you ever said “no” to a man’s sexual advances when you did not mean it? Why? If you answered “yes” what are some possible repercussions of your behavior? Is there a better way to communicate about your sexual desires?

  15. How Some Men Learn to Ignore a Woman’s “NO” Men are likely to ignore “NO” when they have had experiences with women who: offer token resistance have engage in compliance Does this give men with such experiences permission to rape?

  16. Personal Reflections Is a man entitled to sexual intercourse when a woman agrees to go out with him, or because he spent money on her, or because she went to his house or apartment, or because she engaged in necking with him? Men: If you answered “yes,” do you communicate these expectations to your dates before you go out?

  17. Rape in Marriage History Early American justice system followed English common law Today, all 50 states make marital rape crime Statistics 10% to 14% of married women are victimized Marital rapes are often more violent than rapes by other acquaintances

  18. Gang Rape Causes Expression of power, attempts to control others, anger Expression of machismo Diffused individual responsibility Demonstration of loyalty

  19. Cross-Cultural Perspectives Rape-prone societies Rape-free societies Ethnic differences in U.S.

  20. Statutory Rape

  21. Same-Sex Sexual Assault and Coercion Prison Rape: Heterosexual or homosexual? Both perpetrators and victims of prison rape otherwise consider themselves to be heterosexual Other Rape Experiences About half of male victims were assaulted during childhood; many were gang raped by boys they knew 12% to 27% of gay men report being raped in dating situation

  22. Can a Man be Raped by a Woman?

  23. Explanations of Rape:Psychodynamic Theories Rape is an act of violence; sex is the weapon! Power rapes Anger rapes Sadistic rapes Opportunistic rapes

  24. Personal Reflections Do you ever use sex to express power, dominance, control, or anger? If so, under what circumstances? Why do you use sex as an outlet for these desires and emotions?

  25. Feminist (Sexual Script) Theories Rape is most common in societies that glorify violence by men Traditional sexual script supports and condones male sexual coercion against women Men who rape behave in stereotypic gender roles (dominant, competitive, see women as adversaries) and feel entitled to sex

  26. Social Learning Theories Early life family experiences create sexual norm Adults model behaviors and attitudes learned in childhood Extremely conservative stereotypes about relationships between men and women support myths about rape that legitimize violence against women

  27. Evolutionary (Sociobiological) Theories Men have genetic tendency to rape Sex with many partners assure that man will maximize his reproductive potential Evolution has favored sexually aggressive men by production of more offspring

  28. Comprehensive TheoriesA Quick Question True or False? Today, most researchers recognize that there are probably multiple paths to sexual aggression, motivated by both sex and power to differing degrees.

  29. Comprehensive Theories Malamuth’s six predictors:

  30. Comprehensive Theories Theories below agree on multiple causes for rape Marshall and Barbaree Ward and Beech Take a minute to review each of these theories.

  31. Rape Myths: Widespread Mistaken Beliefs About Rape

  32. Reactions to Rape Post-rape posttraumatic stress disorder: Acute phase and long-term reorganization Long-term stress-related illnesses High suicide rates

  33. Rape Counseling

  34. Personal Reflections Have you ever been the victim of rape or sexual coercion? If so, has it affected how you feel about yourself and your relationships? If it has affected you in any way (including leaving you with any sense of self-blame), have you ever sought counseling?

  35. Reactions of the Partner Male partners Partner and/or family members who believe in rape myths Friends and family

  36. What Happens When a Rape Is Reported?

  37. Preventing Rape Legal deterrents Educating potential victims Social systems

  38. Sexual Victimization, Pregnancy and STIs Can you fill in the blanks? _____less of rape victims receive medical care after the attack. 32,000 pregnancies a year result from rape of women 18 and older; many more pregnancies occur from the rape of _____ girls who are less likely to be using birth control pills. Many rape victims (including child victims) acquire an _____ (gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, HPV). The risk of getting HIV during a rape is _____.

  39. Personal Reflections Is a tougher law-and-order approach to rape needed? Should more women become prepared to deal with attempted rape? Will rape ever stop being a serious problem in our society? Why or why not?

  40. Sexual Harassment General definitions EEOC Definition of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Behaviors Causes

  41. The Reasonable Woman Standard Do you suppose this man would behave the same way with a male employee or co-worker?

  42. Responses to Harassment Victims display a wide variety of responses and feelings Retaliation tied to rejected advances Changing jobs

  43. Some Causes of Sexual Harassment Power-based view What do you think might be included in this view?

  44. Sexual Harassment of College Students Who Harassment by instructor Harassment by peers Consequences Change majors or drop out Title IX of U.S. Education Code School can be held liable if sexual harassment on campus ignored

  45. How to Deal with Sexual Harassment

  46. Personal Reflections Have you ever been the victim of sexual harassment by a supervisor, employer, or instructor? Did you report it? If not, why not? Are you familiar with your campus’ procedures for dealing with sexual harassment? If you are not familiar with the procedures, where can you to to find out?

  47. Sexual Abuse of Children

  48. What is Child Sexual Abuse? Child sexual abuse: sexual contact with children Prevalence Power differences between adults and children Effects

  49. Who Molests Children? Personally immature pedophile Regressive pedophile Aggressive pedophiles

  50. Who Molests Children? Majority of molesters are adults known to child Preference molesters Situational molesters No single personality type among pedophiles

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